1090s in England
Events from the 1090s in England.
Incumbents
- Monarch – William II
Events
- 1090
- After buying the allegiance of several local barons, King William II takes control of eastern Normandy.[1]
- 1091
- 2 February – William II invades western Normandy with a large army.[1] His brothers, Henry and Robert Curthose, mobilise mercenary forces to resist him during a siege at Mont-Saint-Michel. Under terms of the Treaty of Caen, estates on the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy are surrendered to William, matters being concluded in August.[1]
- July – Malcolm III of Scotland invades England reaching as far south as Durham.[2] The Normans led by William and Robert march north to oppose the Scots, but a conflict is averted. Malcolm is obliged to accept the terms of the Treaty of Abernethy (1072) and pays homage to William.[1]
- 17 October – London tornado of 1091: A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in London, which destroys London Bridge and badly damages St Mary-le-Bow church.
- 1092
- May – William II annexes Cumbria from the Scottish Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde and builds Carlisle Castle.[3]
- 9 May – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.[4]
- 18 October – Walcher of Malvern correctly predicts the time of a lunar eclipse.[1]
- 1093
- 6 March – Frankish monk, philosopher and theologian Anselm is nominated as Archbishop of Canterbury;[2] he is consecrated on 4 December.
- 8 April – the new Winchester Cathedral, constructed by Bishop Walkelin, becomes operational.
- 11 August – construction of Durham Cathedral begins.[2]
- 13 November – King Malcolm III of Scotland is killed at the Battle of Alnwick during an attempted invasion of England.[1]
- Durham Priory re-establishes a monastic house on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne.[5]
- Normans continue their occupation of southern Wales, constructing Pembroke Castle.[1]
- 1094
- February – William II and Anselm quarrel about investiture and the overlordship of Church lands.[1]
- 19 March – William II unsuccessfully invades Normandy.[1]
- Welsh expel the Marcher Lords and destroy all Norman strongholds in Wales, except Pembroke Castle.[1]
- 1095
- January – Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, rebels. William II besieges his stronghold of Bamburgh Castle which is surrendered by Robert's wife after he has been captured.[1]
- 25 February – a council at Rockingham is held to resolve the dispute between Anselm and William II, but fails to do so.[6]
- May – Papal legate forces a reconciliation between William II and Anselm.[1]
- 1096
- Teaching at what will become the University of Oxford is recorded.[2]
- King William II takes control of the Duchy of Normandy while his brother Robert II, Duke of Normandy is on the First Crusade.[2]
- Construction of Norwich Cathedral begun.[1] Herbert de Losinga, first Bishop of Norwich, establishes a Benedictine priory at Norwich and, shortly afterwards, an episcopal grammar school, Norwich School.
- 1097
- October – Edgar Ætheling overthrows Donald III of Scotland and places his nephew Edgar on the Scottish throne.[6]
- 8 November – Anselm leaves England following disagreements with William II.[2]
- Construction of Westminster Hall.[1]
- 1098
- June or July – in the Battle of Anglesey Sound, a fleet led by Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway, reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of north Wales.[1]
- 1099
- 11 November – flooding around North Sea and Mount's Bay, Cornwall.[7]
Births
- 1095
- 1096
- King Stephen of England (died 1154)
Deaths
- 1091
- Approximate date – Robert D'Oyly, Norman nobleman and landowner
- 1092
- 7 May – Remigius de Fécamp, Bishop of Lincoln
- 1094
- 21 November – Simeon, Abbot of Ely (born c. 994)
- 1095
- 19 January – Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (born 1008)
- 26 June – Robert the Lotharingian, Bishop of Hereford
- 1096
- 2 January – William de St-Calais, Bishop of Durham and counsellor of William II
- 1097
- January/February – Odo of Bayeux, Earl of Kent (born c. 1030s in Normandy; died on First Crusade)
- c. 1097/8 – Baldwin, Abbot of Bury St Edmunds and royal doctor
- 1098
- 3 January – Walkelin, Bishop of Winchester
- 1099
- 3 December – Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury and Lord Chancellor
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 56–58. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ^ a b c d e f "Norman Britain". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ "Carlisle Castle". English Heritage. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
- ^ "Lincoln Cathedral website". Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
- ^ Finlayson, Rhona; Hardie, Caroline (2009), Holy Island (PDF), Northumberland Extensive Urban Survey, Northumberland County Council; English Heritage, retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ a b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 114–116. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 1923. p. 180.
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