15th G7 summit
15th G7 summit | |
---|---|
![]() The Grande Arche in La Défense at the outskirts of Paris | |
Host country | France |
Dates | 14–16 July 1989 |
Venue(s) | Grande Arche |
Cities | Paris |
Follows | 14th G7 summit |
Precedes | 16th G7 summit |
The 15th G7 Summit was held in the business district of La Défense to the west of Paris, France between 14 and 16 July 1989. The venue for the summit meetings was the Grande Arche[1] which was rushed to completion for celebrations marking the bicentennial of the French Revolution and for the world economic summit meeting that was held in the top of the Arche.[2] This event was also called the "Summit of the Arch."[3]
The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976),[4] and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).[5] The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the first Group of Six (G6) summit in 1975.[6]
Leaders at the summit
The G7 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[5]
The 15th G7 summit was the first summit for US President George H. W. Bush and was the last summit for Italian Prime Minister Ciriaco De Mita. It was also the first and only summit for Japanese Prime Minister Sōsuke Uno.
Participants
These summit participants are the current "core members" of the international forum:[7][1][8]
Core G7 members Host state and leader are shown in bold text. | |||
Member | Represented by | Title | |
---|---|---|---|
![]() | Canada | Brian Mulroney | Prime Minister |
![]() | France | François Mitterrand | President |
![]() | West Germany | Helmut Kohl | Chancellor |
![]() | Italy | Ciriaco De Mita | Prime Minister |
![]() | Japan | Sōsuke Uno | Prime Minister |
![]() | United Kingdom | Margaret Thatcher | Prime Minister |
![]() | United States | George H. W. Bush | President |
![]() | European Community | Jacques Delors | Commission President |
François Mitterrand | Council President |
The heads of state and government of over a dozen developing countries were also represented at this summit gathering in Paris.[9]
Issues
The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.[6] Issues which were discussed at this summit included:
- International Economic Situation
- International Monetary Developments and Coordination
- Improving Economic Efficiency
- Trade Issues
- General Problems of Development
- The Situation in the Poorest Countries
- Strengthened Debt Strategy for the Heavily Indebted Countries
- Environment
- Drug Issues
- International Cooperation against AIDS
Gallery
Accomplishments
While the agenda-setting or parameter-setting functions of the summit are important, the associated action or inaction which comes afterwards is important as well. These remain conceptually distinct aspects of the G7 summits.[10]
A symbol of the mixed legacy of this summit is the Grande Arche itself. The total expenditure on the building reached 3.74 billion francs, all but 5.7 percent of which was covered by private investors, with the state remaining owner of the roof area;[2] and yet, in 2001, parts of the facade were falling off.[11] A Frommer's review in 2010 characterizes it as a "politician's folly."[12]
In 1989, the summit leaders called for "adoption of sustainable forest management practices, with a view to preserving the scale of the world's forests," but there is little evidence of follow-up action.[13]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): Summit Meetings in the Past.
- ^ a b "James, Barry. For the Grande Arche, Not-So-Grand Notices," New York Times. July 1, 1991.
- ^ Hajnal, Peter I. (1999). The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation, p. 32., p. 32, at Google Books
- ^ Saunders, Doug. "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders," Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 5, 2008.
- ^ a b Reuters: "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?", July 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, p. 205.
- ^ Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Brookings. March 27, 2009; "core" members (Muskoka 2010 G-8, official site). Archived June 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ MOFA: Summit (15); European Union: "EU and the G8" Archived 2007-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Markham, James M. "All French Divided Over How to Do the Fete," New York Times. June 18, 1989; "G7, G8, G10, G21, G22, G26," The Economist. retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ Kokotsis, Eleonore. (1999). Keeping International Commitments: Compliance, Credibility, and the G7, 1988-1995, p. 32 n. 13., p. 32, at Google Books
- ^ Knorr, Katherine. "Reassessing Mitterrand's Legacy : Of Monuments—and Monumental Errors," New York Times. May 3, 2001.
- ^ "La Grande Arche de La Défense," New York Times. accessed 5 July 2010.
- ^ Sadruddin, Aga Khan. "It's Time to Save the Forests," New York Times. July 19, 2000.
References
- Bayne, Nicholas and Robert D. Putnam. (2000). Hanging in There: The G7 and G8 Summit in Maturity and Renewal. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-1185-1; OCLC 43186692
- Hajnal, Peter I. (1999). The G8 system and the G20 : Evolution, Role and Documentation. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4; OCLC 277231920
- Kokotsis, Eleonore. (1999). Keeping International Commitments: Compliance, Credibility, and the G7, 1988-1995. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-3332-6; OCLC 40460131
- Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3; ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7; OCLC 39013643
External links
- No official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- see the 21st G7 summit.
- University of Toronto: G8 Research Group, G8 Information Centre
- G7 1989, delegations & documents
- v
- t
- e
(1975)
- 1st (Rambouillet 1975)
(1976–1996)
- 2nd (Dorado 1976)
- 3rd (London 1977)
- 4th (Bonn 1978)
- 5th (Tokyo 1979)
- 6th (Venice 1980)
- 7th (Montebello 1981)
- 8th (Versailles 1982)
- 9th (Williamsburg 1983)
- 10th (London 1984)
- 11th (Bonn 1985)
- 12th (Tokyo 1986)
- 13th (Venice 1987)
- 14th (Toronto 1988)
- 15th (Grande Arche 1989)
- 16th (Houston 1990)
- 17th (London 1991)
- 18th (Munich 1992)
- 19th (Tokyo 1993)
- 20th (Naples 1994)
- 21st (Halifax 1995)
- 22nd (Lyon 1996)
(1997–2013)
- 23rd (Denver 1997)
- 24th (Birmingham 1998)
- 25th (Cologne 1999)
- 26th (Kyusyu-Okinawa 2000)
- 27th (Genoa 2001)
- 28th (Kananaskis 2002)
- 29th (Évian-les-Bains 2003)
- 30th (Sea Island 2004)
- 31st (Gleneagles 2005)
- 32nd (Saint Petersburg 2006)
- 33rd (Heiligendamm 2007)
- 34th (Hokkaido-Toyako 2008)
- 35th (L'Aquila 2009)
- 36th (Huntsville 2010)
- 37th (Deauville 2011)
- 38th (Camp David 2012)
- 39th (Lough Erne 2013)
(2014–present)
- 40th (Brussels 2014)
- 41st (Schloss Elmau 2015)
- 42nd (Ise-Shima 2016)
- 43rd (Taormina 2017)
- 44th (La Malbaie 2018)
- 45th (Biarritz 2019)
46th (Camp David 2020)- 47th (Carbis Bay 2021)
- 48th (Schloss Elmau 2022)
- 49th (Hiroshima 2023)
- 50th (Fasano 2024)
- 51st (Kananaskis 2025)