Cis-Sutlej states

Group of states in northwestern India
Cis-Sutlej States
Region of British India
1809–1862

British and native states in the Cis-Sutlej Division between 1847–51, by Abdos Sobhan, 1858. The Cis-Sutlej states are visible south of the Sutlej river.
History 
• British protectorate
1809
• Merged into the Punjab Province (British India)
1862
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Maratha Empire
Company rule in India

The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in the contemporary Punjab and Haryana states of northern India during the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west. Small Punjabi kingdoms of the Cis-Sutlej states paid tributes to the Marathas, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British.[1][2][3][4]

History

1785-1806

The Cis-Sutlej state was ruled by many chiefs though the region was under the Mughal Empire.[5] Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II's viceregent Afrasiyab was killed by Zain-ul-Abidin Khan on 2 November 1784, thus leaving no one to appoint as the next viceregent.[6] Thus Mughal Emperor appointed Mahadji Sindhia as viceregent (Vakil-i-Mutlaq) of the Mughal empire as Shah Alam II knew that Sindhia is the only one who would remain acquiescent to him and would be able to maintain peace and order in his kingdom.[7] The Maratha-Sikh treaty on 10 May 1785 made the small Cis-Sutlej states, autonomous protectorate of the Scindia Dynasty of the Maratha Empire,[8] as Mahadji Sindhia was deputed the Vakil-i-Mutlaq (Regent of the Mughal empire) of Mughal affairs in 1784.[9][5] Therefore, Mahadji as newly appointed viceregent of the Mughal Emperor, tried to come to an agreement with the Cis-Sutlej chiefs and concluded a treaty on 10 May 1785.[10]

According to the treaty, Mahadji would recognize the political supremacy of the Sikhs in the Punjab whereas the Sikhs would forbear from attacking the adjoining territories of Delhi.[11] Additionally, the chiefs would join Sindhia's army with atleast 5,000 horses and in return would receive a land grant of 10 Lakhs and the chiefs would not muddle in the affairs outside of their territory.[12][5] Additionally, it was agreed that any territories conquered through the joint alliance of Sikhs and the Marathas, the Sikhs would keep one-third of the territories and the enemies of both the parties would be considered mutual.[13] However the treaty fell apart as the chiefs did not observe the terms of the treaty.[10][14] In 1789, again a peaceful agreement was set in place where Sindhia legitamized the chiefs to collect tributes from the villages as the purpose behind Mahadji's policy was to win over the chiefs by friendship, but this policy too failed.[10]

After Mahadji's death in 1794, Daulat Rao was made his replacement, under whom the unstable conditions continued against the chiefs till the Second Anglo-Maratha War from 1803-1805, losing any influence over Cis-Sutlej state and parts of Uttar Pradesh, which he administered on behalf of the Mughal Emperor.[15][16]

On 20 December 1803, British East India Company transmitted and settled a treaty of peace and friendship with Daulat Rao Sindhia, his successors, heirs and children, followed with a treaty of Alliance settled on 27 February 1804,[17] which caused Sindhia not just a considerable loss of territories from the treaty but also had to give away the right to handle their foreign affairs to British East India Company.[18][19] Due to doubts and mistunderstanding of the treaty signed in 1804, another improvised treaty was transmitted and settled on 22 November 1805 between the two states, called Treaty of Amity and Alliance, where according to article 5, Chambul river would be the extent of the Sindhia dynasty, thus relinquishing any claims, rights, rule, tribute, revenues and possessions in the north bank.[17]

Following the Second Anglo-Maratha War, in 1806, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington drafted a treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the Sutlej River in exchange for their allegiance to the British General Gerard Lake acting on his dispatch.[20][21] At the conclusion of the war, the frontier of British India was extended to the Yamuna.

1806-1809

Ranjit Singh led three expeditions into Cis-Sutlej states in 1806, 1807 and 1808, seizing many territories, particularly 45 district subdivisions or administrative units (parganas) and then distributed them among different chiefs who would pay annual tributes of certain amount as recognition of Ranjit Singh's supremacy.[22] Ranjit Singh gave some territories of Cis-Sutlej to his mother in law Rani Sada Kaur and granted a good deal of villages to his general Dewan Mokham Chand.[22] In all 45 paraganas, Ranjit Singh assigned salaried agents to different territories who sustained some soldiers for internal administration to retrieve revenues from lands.[22] Some of the important vassal territories of Sikh empire were, Anandpur, Rupar, Himmatpur, Wadni, Harikepatan, Firozpur and Mamdot.[23]

1809-1846

On 9 February, 1809, David Ochterlony of the British East India company issued a proclamation declaring the Cis-Sutlej states to be under British protection which concluded with a treaty of friendship on 25 April 1809 between the British East India company and Ranjit Singh, emperor of the Sikh Empire, recognised the territories of 45 paraganas, north of the river Sutlej under the aegis of Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire and in return Ranjit Singh recognised British protection to the Cis-Sutlej states. The river Sutlej became the boundary between Ranjit Singh's dominion and the British territory.[24]

Ranjit Singh possessed 45 Taluqas in the Cis-Sutlej states, wholly or in share with others on the British side of the river Sutlej.[22] On 29 July 1809, David Ochterlony recognized large territory along river Sutlej from Chamkaur to Harikepatan and Kot Kapura as directly under Ranjit Singh's control.[25] Dewan Mokham Chand, Ranjit Singh's commander was granted 102 villages in the tehsil of Dharamkot, Zira and Kot Kapura, which also belonged to Ranjit Singh.[25] Raja of Jind, maternal uncle of Ranjit Singh, was granted 90 villages in the paraganah of Ludhiana-Sirhind[25] Raja of Kapurthala, brother of Ranjit Singh, was awarded 106 villages in the tehsil of Talwandi and Naraingarh.[25] Other rewards as part of the treaty were, 38 villages secured to Raja Jaswant Singh of Nabha State, 32 villages in the tehsil of Baddowal secured to Gurdit Singh of Ladwa, 36 villages in the tehsil of Ghungrana secured to Karam Singh Nagia, 62 villages in the tehsil of Dharamkot granted to Garbha Singh of Bharatgarh, many number of villages granted to Jodh Singh of Kalsia, Basant Singh, Atar Singh, Jodh Singh of Bassia and Ranjit Singh's mother in law Sada Kaur was granted with Himmatpur-Wadni.[25] The recipients were granted the territories under the condition of submission to Ranjit Singh's supremacy.[26] As per the treaty of 1809, Ranjit Singh was not allowed to maintain more troops than were required for the internal duties of the territory on the left bank of river Sutlej, nor commit or suffer any encroachments on the possession or rights of the chiefs in its vicinity.[27]

On 17 March 1828, Captain W. Murray prepared a list of 45 Taluqas in south of Satluj that belonged and were claimed by Ranjit Singh.[26] They were: Anandpur, Makhowal, Mattewala, Bajr, Goewal, Howab, Karesh, Sujarwala, Sohera, Sailbah, Khai, Muedkoh, Wazirpur, Kunki, Saholi, Basi, Bharog, Jagraon, Kot Isa Khan, Mahani, Khaspura, Molanwala, Naraingarh, Sadar Khan, Tohra, Mari, Machhiwara, Kotari, Puwa, Want, part of Kotlah, Kot Guru Har Sahe, Dharamkot, Rajwana, Fatahgarh, Kala Majri, Chuhar Chak, Dhilwan, Talwandi Sayyidan, Jhandianah, Buthor, Ranian, Baholpur, Bharatgarh, Chanelgarh, Lohangarh, Phillaur district, Firozpur, Nurpur, Khaira, Sohala, Todarpur, Tughal, part of Kotlah, Ghungrana, Rumanwala, Mamdot, Sanehwal, Rasulpur, Aitiana, Himmatpur, Pattoki, Wadni, Moga, Mohlan, Zira, Behekbodia, Bhagra, Hitawat, Jinwar, Kot Kapura, Muktsar, Kenoan, Singhanwala, Suhewaron, Chamkaur and Molwal.[26]

The Cis-Sutlej states included Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla and Faridkot.

1846-1862

Before 1846 the greater part of this territory was relatively independent, the chiefs being subject to supervision from a British political officer stationed at Umballa, and styled the agent of the British Governor-General of India for the Cis-Sutlej states.[28] A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the Doctrine of Lapse. After the First Anglo-Sikh War the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.[28] In 1849, Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of Ambala, Ferozepore, Ludhiana, Thanesar and Simla, was incorporated with the new Punjab Province.[28]

1862-1947

The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to Lahore Division and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate.[28] The remaining tract became known as the Ambala Division. The princely states of Patiala, Jind, and Nabha were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding Bahawalpur (for which there was no political agent) and Chamba, the other states were grouped under the commissioners of Jullunder and Delhi, and the superintendent of the Simla Hill States.[28] All native states, except Kaithal, would join PEPSU after India's independence.

Districts and states

Present districts and divisions

Present 14 districts of East Punjab, Chandigarh and present 4 districts of Haryana were there in Cis Sutlej States.

Rest of the Bist Doab including districts of Hoshiarpur,Kapurthala, SBS Nagar and Jalandhar were merged and made a new Trans Sutlej States in 1846 after First Anglo Sikh War.

Princely states

See also

References

  1. ^ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century, Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Google Books. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131732021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  2. ^ Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of the Marathas - R.S. Chaurasia - Google Books. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126903948. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  3. ^ Ray, Jayanta Kumar (6 August 2007). Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131708347.
  4. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). An Advanced History of Modern India. Macmillan India. ISBN 9780230328853. By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British.
  5. ^ a b c Chaurasia 2004, p. 167. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFChaurasia2004 (help)
  6. ^ Gupta 1978, p. 196.
  7. ^ Gupta 1978, p. 197. "On the 4th December at another public darbar the Emperor bestowed the highest post of Vakahi-Mutlaq [Regent Plenipotentiary] on Mahadji Sindhia."
  8. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). An Advanced History of Modern India. Macmillan India. ISBN 9780230328853. By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British.
  9. ^ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid ... - Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui - Google Books. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131732021. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Chaurasia 2004, p. 168. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFChaurasia2004 (help)
  11. ^ Mittal, Satish Chandra (1986). Haryana, a Historical Perspective. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 11. ISBN 9788171560837. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  12. ^ Sen 1994, p. 30.
  13. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1994). Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 Volume 2. Popular Prakashan. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-7154-789-0.
  14. ^ Gupta 1978, p. 216. "No sooner was the treaty signed than misgivings arose between them. The Sikhs did not wish to abide by the treaty."
  15. ^ Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of the Marathas - R.S. Chaurasia - Google Books. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 167–170. ISBN 9788126903948. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  16. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1978). History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 196–216.
  17. ^ a b Luard, Charles (1908). The Central India State Gazetteer Series Volume 1. Thacker, Spink. pp. 315–324. "and within that extent of the Chumbul Dowlut Rao SIndia shall have no claim or right to any rule, tribute revenue, or possessions on its north bank" (p.324)
  18. ^ Chaurasia 2004, p. 127. Its is true that Daulat Rao suffered serious losses of territory by the treaty of 1803 and agreed to place his foreign relations under the East India COmpany's tutelage by that of 1804. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFChaurasia2004 (help)
  19. ^ Howard, Martin (2020). Wellington and the British Army's Indian Campaigns, 1798–1805. Pen & Sword Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781473894488. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  20. ^ Wellesley, Arthur (1837). The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondance, of the Marquess Wellesley, K. G. During His Administration in India. pp. 264–267.
  21. ^ Wellesley, Arthur (1859). Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K. G.: India, 1797-1805. Vol. I. pp. 269–279, 319. "ART VI Scindiah to renounce all claims the Seik chiefs or territories" (p.318)
  22. ^ a b c d Gupta 1991, p. 83.
  23. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). History of the Sikhs Volume 5. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 83–96. ISBN 9788121505154.
  24. ^ Chopra, P.N. "Defending British India Against Napoleon". A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2003. p. 66. ISBN 9788120725065.
  25. ^ a b c d e Gupta 1991, p. 86.
  26. ^ a b c Gupta 1991, p. 87.
  27. ^ "The treaty with Runjeet Singh of 1809". The Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Government. 1884. p. 138.
  28. ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cis-Sutlej States". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 693.

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