Edgar Graham
Edgar Graham, MPA | |
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Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly | |
In office 20 October 1982 – 7 December 1983 | |
Preceded by | Seat created |
Succeeded by | Frank Millar Jr |
Constituency | South Belfast |
Personal details | |
Born | (1954-02-24)24 February 1954 Northern Ireland |
Died | (1983-12-07)7 December 1983 (aged 29) Belfast, Northern Ireland |
Political party | Ulster Unionist Party |
Alma mater | Queen's University Belfast Trinity College, Oxford |
Profession | Barrister Academic |
Edgar Samuel David Graham, MPA, BL (24 February 1954 – 7 December 1983) was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician and academic from Northern Ireland. He was regarded as a rising star of both legal studies and Unionism and a possible future leader of the UUP. Graham was shot dead on 7 December 1983 by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) close to the main library at Queen's University Belfast, where he lectured in law.
Career
Graham graduated from Queen's University in 1976. He began working on a doctorate at Trinity College, Oxford) and was called to the Bar of Northern Ireland. In 1979 he became a member of Queen's law faculty, lecturing in public law, and was a law faculty colleague of David Trimble and Dermot Nesbitt..
After becoming chair of the Ulster Young Unionist Council, Graham subsequently became active in the UUP. In 1982 he addressed the Conservative Party conference on the subject of Northern Ireland and he attended the Harvard Summer School for leading young lawyers. He was critical of both the British government's perceived indecisiveness and the UUP leadership under James Molyneaux.[1]
Graham advocated devolution for Northern Ireland, rather than closer integration with the rest of the United Kingdom. However, he firmly rejected power-sharing with nationalists, including the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). In a speech given at the annual meeting of the Randalstown UUP branch in November 1980, Graham reasserted the "Unionist resolve not to share power" with the SDLP.[2] In February 1982, after Secretary of State Jim Prior unveiled his proposals for a new assembly, Graham noted that unionists would not accept the SDLP in a cabinet position and claimed that the SDLP could not be trusted with the responsibility of devolved government.[3][4]
Graham was a vocal critic of the continued existence of separate Catholic maintained sector schools in Northern Ireland, claiming in 1982 that it was particularly "preposterous" since Catholic schools "inculcate their own views of history and their own political ideals and objectives."[5]
Graham was elected a member of the 1982 Northern Ireland Assembly for South Belfast and was appointed chair of the Assembly's finance committee. In August 1983 Graham claimed that the generous funds were directed at predominantly nationalist areas of West Belfast such as Poleglass at the expense of adjoining loyalist estates. He alleged that the loyalist Areema estate in Dunmurry was denied a central heating system because of the "vast proportion of public funds being sunk into West Belfast." He called for the British government to prioritise funding for areas where appreciative and "law-abiding" people lived rather than spending money "hand over fist, in areas which clearly do not appreciate it."[6] That same month Graham called for the defunding of cross-border body Co-operation North, stating that British government funds should not be used to support organisations aiming to foster better North-South relations. He was quoted as saying "We have heard too much of initiatives with all-Ireland perspectives."[7]
Death
In mid-morning on 7 December 1983, while chatting to Nesbitt at the University Square side of the main campus library, he was shot in the head a number of times by an IRA gunman and died almost instantly. The gunman and an accomplice, described as being dressed casually like students, ran off past the School of Music building.[8] Graham was 29 years old. Two persons were later convicted of withholding evidence from the police, but no one was ever convicted for his murder.[9][10]
In a communique taking responsibility for the killing, the IRA command said his killing "should be a salutary lesson to those loyalists who stand foursquare behind the laws and forces of oppression of the nationalist people." IRA members said that Graham was targeted because of aid and advice he had reportedly given to the Northern Ireland Prison Service[11]
Former IRA member turned police informer Sean O'Callaghan suggested that the IRA had killed Graham because he was regarded by a journalist as "potentially the most effective political opponent facing Sinn Féin that the Ulster Unionists had yet produced" and likely to become the party leader.[12]
Graham had also gained attention for his strong arguments publicly supporting internment, the revocation of Special Category Status for republican prisoners, and the British government's network of informers.[11][13]
He had been seen on BBC Northern Ireland criticising the Thatcher government for not taking a hard enough line against Republican prisoners and hunger strikers.[14]
After Graham's killing, an expression of sympathy was made by James Dooge in Seanad Éireann, the Republic of Ireland's upper house of parliament:
I would like the Seanad to note with horror and dismay the death of the Assemblyman, Edgar Graham, who was murdered outside Queen's University, Belfast, this morning. It has been said by a noted writer that in the death of every man each of us dies a little. I think this is horribly true for us here in Ireland today that for every one of these victims of violence not only do we die a little but our hopes for our country die a little with every one of these outrages.[15]
The resultant Assembly by-election on 1 March 1984 was won unopposed by then Ulster Unionist Party Chief Executive Frank Millar Jr.[16]
The UUP leader, James Molyneaux, remarked:
Had Mr Graham not been murdered he would have become the leader of our party, such was his calibre.[17][9]
In honour and remembrance to Edgar Graham there is an inscription at the entrance of the debating hall at Stormont that reads:
IN MEMORY OF EDGAR SAMUEL DAVID GRAHAM ASSEMBLY MEMBER FOR BELFAST SOUTH 1982–1983. SHOT BY TERRORISTS ON 7 DECEMBER 1983. "KEEP ALIVE THE LIGHT OF JUSTICE".[18]
Sylvia, Lady Hermon, who was then a lawyer, was in the students' union at the time news of the murder broke and spoke of her revulsion at hearing students cheering. She vowed never to set foot in the union again.[19] Students' Union President Peter O'Neill, who was in his office in the building when news of the murder was given to him by a student within minutes, states that he heard no cheering and that news of the death of Mr Graham was not communicated through the union's Tannoy system.[8]
Repercussions
Graham's death came just two years after the IRA assassination of the South Belfast M.P. Robert Bradford. To this day, Graham is often spoken of by Unionist political leaders.[citation needed]
Some had been targeted by republicans because of their involvement in Unionist politics. Many knew Robert Bradford and Edgar Graham both murdered for defending the Union. Despite this they were prepared to share power with Sinn Féin. This displayed a magnanimity, and generosity of spirit which unfortunately has not yet been reciprocated by republicans. When we ‘jumped first’ and established the devolved Executive last November, the IRA just sat on its guns and did nothing with the result that the British Government had to suspend the Executive.
— David Trimble[citation needed]
It is also puzzling for Unionists why Sinn Féin/IRA are campaigning so vigorously to defend the reputation of Mr Finucane as that of a "human rights lawyer" whilst justifying their murder of the Protestant Human Rights Lawyer, Mr Edgar Graham at Queen's University.
— Families Acting for Innocent Relatives[citation needed]
David Trimble invoked his friend's killing to contend both that the Unionist community had suffered greatly at the hands of republicans and that more moderate Unionists were willing to take bold moves (especially support for the Good Friday Agreement) and were willing to put their suffering behind them.[20]
Journalist Ed Moloney, in his book, A Secret History of the IRA (2003), contends that Graham's killing was ordered by a restive IRA unit, the Belfast Brigade and Ivor Bell, as part of a campaign that was a direct challenge to Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams' call for a more "controlled and disciplined" campaign twinned with a growing parliamentary strategy. Moloney argues that Belfast area attacks by the IRA in late 1983, because of their backlash in the middle classes of both communities, in fact strengthened Adams and Sinn Féin's political path.[21]
Despite Graham's murder, violence in Northern Ireland actually continued in a pattern of decline in 1983, with 77 deaths, down from 97 the previous year.[22] The British Army suffered only five deaths in 1983, its lowest number since 1971, while combined security services suffered 33 deaths (a drop from 40 the year before), and civilian deaths were recorded as 44, the lowest number since 1970.[23]
References
- ^ The real lessons of Ulster, Dean Godson, Prospect, Issue 140, November 2007
see also BBC NI Television News 1983 and 1981, Mon 26 Sep 1983, Tue 29 Sep 1981, Tue 13 Oct 1981, Wed 16 Nov 1983 (in which Edgar Graham says UVF wanted IRA to kill Ulster Unionist during assembly debate on prison segregation.) - ^ Belfast News Letter, 28 November 1980.
- ^ Belfast Telegraph, 17 February 1982.
- ^ Belfast News Letter, 18 February 1982.
- ^ Belfast Telegraph, 23 January 1982.
- ^ Belfast News Letter, 11 August 1983.
- ^ Belfast Telegraph, 4 August 1983.
- ^ a b Sam McBride, 'Killing Edgar, part one: The IRA murder of Edgar Graham at Queen’s University'. Belfast Telegraph, 4 December 2023
- ^ a b "Protestant Party Leader Slain in Ulster". The New York Times. 8 December 1983.
- ^ Northern Ireland: Terrorist Activities, reports of British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland's office, in answer to questions: 16 April 1999. The government account reads:
Mr. Edgar Graham: At approximately 10.50 am on 7 December 1983, at University Square, Belfast, Mr. Graham was shot dead. The murder was claimed by the Irish Republican Army. RUC investigations resulted in one person being convicted of making property available and withholding information and sentenced to 2 years imprisonment suspended for 3 years. Another person, convicted of withholding information, was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment suspended for 2 years. A number of other persons were arrested and interviewed in relation to this murder but released without charge.
- ^ a b "Tim Pat Coogan (1993) The IRA. Chap.33: The Green Book: I". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ O'Callaghan, Sean (1999). The Informer. Great Britain: Corgi Books. p.389
- ^ Andrew Boyd: The Informers: A Chilling Account of the Supergrasses in Northern Ireland. Mercier (1984) pp. 85–86.
- ^ Dr Martin Melaugh. "(Tue 29th Sep 1981, Tue 13th Oct 1981)". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ Seanad Éireann debate – Wednesday, 7 Dec 1983
- ^ Nicholas Whyte. "Northern Ireland Elections Commission". Ark.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ "IRA victim Edgar Graham remembered". Newsletter.co.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ Godson, Dean (2004). Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism. Harper Perennial. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-00-717999-2.
- ^ "Growing influence of unionism's rising star".
- ^ "David Trimble quoted using Graham as an example in his first speech to the Shadow Assembly, 1 July 2003". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ Ed Moloney. A Secret History of the IRA, pp. 243 & 317, (2002). ISBN 0-7139-9665-X
Also see: Brendan O'Brien. The Long War: The IRA & Sinn Féin, p. 133, (1999). ISBN 0-86278-606-1 on the marginalisation of Bell. - ^ Table NI-SEC-04: Deaths (number) due to the security situation in Northern Ireland (only), 1969–2002.
- ^ Chronological List of Deaths, by year, 1969–2001, Malcolm Sutton, CAIN University of Ulster.
CAIN: Northern Ireland Society – Security and Defence statistics 1969–2001
"NI-SEC-06: Security related incidents (number) in Northern Ireland: shootings" 1982/547,1983/424 lowest since 1970 (213), bombings were up (266 from 219 in 82), but the 82 number was the lowest since 1970, and the 83 number was second lowest.
"NI-SEC-09: Number of people charged with terrorist and other serious offences" 1983/613, lowest since 1980 (550), second lowest since 1972.
"NI-SEC-05: Persons injured (number) due to the security situation in Northern Ireland (only)" 1983: 1983/ Police: 142 (up from 99 in 82, but second lowest since 1968) / British Army:66/UDR-RIR:22/Civilian:280/Total:510 (lowest since 1968 – 379)
External links
- Northern Ireland Assembly, Thursday 15 July 1999
- website of David Trimble, Address to the British Irish Association, September 2000
- Northern Ireland Assembly, debates, Monday 29 November 1999
- Wrecking Trimble, by Ruth Dudley Edwards, Sunday Independent Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- House of Commons debate: 1995-06-12
- speech at Queens University Democratic Unionist Association Anniversary Dinner
- Sermon given by the Dean of Belfast Cathedral on Sunday, 6 March 2005, at a service of thanksgiving marking the Centenary of the Ulster Unionist Council
- Irish Seanad statement following Graham's murder
Bibliography
- Bell, J. Bowyer (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA (3rd ed.). Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-901-6.
- Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). The IRA. Palgrave. p. 553. ISBN 978-0-312-29416-8.
- Hourican, Bridget; Dudley Edwards, Ruth (2005). An Atlas of Irish History. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-415-33952-0.
- Jackson, Alan A. (1999). Ireland, 1798–1998. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19542-9.
- McBride, Ian (2011). "The Shadow of the gunman: Irish historians and the IRA". Journal of Contemporary History. 46 (3): 686–710. doi:10.1177/0022009411403343. S2CID 145450228.
- Waller, Robert; Criddle, Byron (2002). Almanac of British Politics. Routledge. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-415-26834-9.
Northern Ireland Assembly (1982) | ||
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New assembly | MPA for Belfast South 1982–1983 | Succeeded by |