Energy density Extended Reference Table
This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:
Storage type | Specific energy (MJ/kg) | Energy density (MJ/L) | Peak recovery efficiency % | Practical recovery efficiency % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arbitrary Antimatter | 89,875,517,874 | depends on density | |||||||
Deuterium–tritium fusion | 576,000,000[1] | ||||||||
Uranium-235 fissile isotope | 144,000,000[1] | 1,500,000,000 | |||||||
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor | 86,000,000 | ||||||||
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor | 3,456,000 | 35% | |||||||
Pu-238 α-decay | 2,200,000 | ||||||||
Hf-178m2 isomer | 1,326,000 | 17,649,060 | |||||||
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor | 443,000 | 35% | |||||||
Ta-180m isomer | 41,340 | 689,964 | |||||||
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) | 216[2] | ||||||||
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate) | 33.0 | ||||||||
Beryllium + Oxygen | 23.9[3] | ||||||||
Lithium + Fluorine | 23.75[citation needed] | ||||||||
Octaazacubane potential explosive | 22.9[4] | ||||||||
Ammonia (NH3) | 16.9 | 11.5[5][circular reference] | |||||||
Hydrogen + Oxygen | 13.4[6] | ||||||||
Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline | 13.3[citation needed] | ||||||||
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed[citation needed] | 9.8 | ||||||||
Octanitrocubane explosive | 8.5[7] | 16.9[8] | |||||||
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed[citation needed] | 8.3 | ||||||||
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] | 8.2 | ||||||||
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed] | 7.0349 | ||||||||
Hexanitrobenzene explosive | 7[9] | ||||||||
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] | 6.95 | ||||||||
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed] | 6.9 | 12.7 | |||||||
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed[citation needed] | 6.6 | ||||||||
Nitroglycerin | 6.38[10] | 10.2[11] | |||||||
ANFO-ANNM[citation needed] | 6.26 | ||||||||
battery, Lithium–air | 6.12 | ||||||||
Octogen (HMX) | 5.7[10] | 10.8[12] | |||||||
TNT [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.][citation needed] | 4.610 | 6.92 | |||||||
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed] | 4.13 | 20.9 | |||||||
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer) | 4.00 | 18.4 | |||||||
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant) | 2.7 | 3.8 | |||||||
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire | 2.54 | 29 | 95%[clarification needed][13] | ||||||
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[14] | 2.5 | ||||||||
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C[citation needed][clarification needed] | 1.968 | 0.708 | |||||||
Kinetic energy penetrator [clarification needed] | 1.9 | 30 | |||||||
battery, Lithium–Sulfur[15] | 1.80[16] | 1.26 | battery, Fluoride-ion [citation needed] | 1.7 | 2.8 | ||||
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[17] | 1.62 | ||||||||
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) | 1.6 | 1.6 | |||||||
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) | 1.4 | 2.5 | |||||||
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt | 1[citation needed] | 98%[18] | |||||||
Molecular spring approximate[citation needed] | 1 | ||||||||
battery, Lithium–Manganese[19][20] | 0.83-1.01 | 1.98-2.09 | |||||||
battery, Sodium–Sulfur | 0.72[21] | 1.23[citation needed] | 85%[22] | ||||||
battery, Lithium-ion[23][24] | 0.46-0.72 | 0.83-3.6[25] | 95%[26] | ||||||
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature | 0.56 | ||||||||
battery, Zinc–manganese (alkaline), long life design[19][23] | 0.4-0.59 | 1.15-1.43 | |||||||
battery, Silver-oxide[19] | 0.47 | 1.8 | |||||||
Flywheel | 0.36-0.5[27][28] | ||||||||
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet[clarification needed] | 0.4 | 3.2 | |||||||
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[29] | 0.4 | 1.55 | |||||||
Liquid Nitrogen | 0.349 | ||||||||
Water – Enthalpy of Fusion | 0.334 | 0.334 | |||||||
battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr)[30] | 0.27 | ||||||||
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars[31] | 0.250 | 0.493 | |||||||
battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)[23] | 0.14 | 1.08 | 80%[26] | ||||||
battery, Zinc–Carbon[23] | 0.13 | 0.331 | |||||||
battery, Lead–acid[23] | 0.14 | 0.36 | |||||||
battery, Vanadium redox | 0.09[citation needed] | 0.1188 | 7070-75% | ||||||
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox | 0.18 | 0.252 | 80%–90%[32] | ||||||
Capacitor Ultracapacitor | 0.0199[33] | 0.050[citation needed] | |||||||
Capacitor Supercapacitor | 0.01[citation needed] | 80%–98.5%[34] | 39%–70%[34] | ||||||
Superconducting magnetic energy storage | 0 | 0.008[35] | >95% | ||||||
Capacitor | 0.002[36] | ||||||||
Neodymium magnet | 0.003[37] | ||||||||
Ferrite magnet | 0.0003[37] | ||||||||
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring | 0.0003[38] | 0.0006 | |||||||
Storage type | Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) | Energy density by volume (MJ/L) | Peak recovery efficiency % | Practical recovery efficiency % |
Notes
- ^ a b Prelas, Mark (2015). Nuclear-Pumped Lasers. Springer. p. 135. ISBN 9783319198453.
- ^ http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (13): 3102–3103. doi:10.1021/ja01109a018.
- ^ Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?†". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896.
- ^ Ammonia#Combustion
- ^ Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ Wiley Interscience
- ^ Octanitrocubane
- ^ Wiley Interscience
- ^ a b "Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Nitroglycerin
- ^ HMX
- ^ "Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". News-service.stanford.edu. 2007-12-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ "Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ "Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet" (PDF). Sion Power, Inc. 2005-09-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28.
- ^ Kolosnitsyn, V.S.; E.V. Karaseva (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 44 (5): 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029. S2CID 97022927.
- ^ "The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ "Technology". SolarReserve. Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ a b c "ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "New battery could change world, one house at a time". Heraldextra.com. 2009-04-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185". Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States). 2. Osti.gov. OSTI 5960185.
- ^ a b c d e "Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
- ^ "Lithium Batteries". Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ a b Justin Lemire-Elmore (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles" (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries
- ^ "Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
- ^ "Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- ^ "Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
- ^ "ZBB Energy Corp". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15.
75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram
- ^ High Energy Metal Hydride Battery Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ "Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000". Maxwell.com. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ [1] Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Department of Computing". Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
- ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Garage Door Springs". Garagedoor.org. Retrieved 2010-05-07.