Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala
Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala | |
---|---|
![]() | |
2nd Jathedar of Malwa Kesri Commando Force | |
Preceded by | Waryam Singh Khappianwali |
Succeeded by | None (merged with Khalistan Liberation Force) |
3rd Jathedar of Khalistan Liberation Force | |
Preceded by | Avtar Singh Brahma |
Succeeded by | Navneet Singh Quadia |
Personal details | |
Born | 29 June 1966 (1966-06-29) Village Budhsinghwala, Faridkot district Punjab (Now Moga district), India |
Died | 29 July 1992(1992-07-29) (aged 26) Ludhiana, Punjab, India |
Known for |
|
Nickname | Budhsinghwala |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Khalistan Liberation Force Malwa Kesri Commando Force |
Years of service | 1984 - 1992 |
Rank | General Jathedar |
Battles/wars | Insurgency in Punjab |
Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala (29 June 1966 – 29 July 1992) was a Sikh martyr and the third Jathedar of the Khalistan Liberation Force. Budhsinghwala's organization, KLF, was one of the most active Sikh militant groups of the time.[1] Budhsinghwala had KLF join the Sohan Singh Panthic Committee and partnered with Khalistan Commando Force (Panjwar), Babbar Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force (Sangha), and Sikh Student Federation (Bittu) in militant actions. Budhsinghwala is also credited with making KLF one of the strongest and most lethal militant groups.[2]
He has been accused of planning and carrying out attacks that killed over 1,000 people[3] including some major acts such as the killing the police chief of Patiala district Avinder Singh Brar and his junior,[4][5] killing of 70 soldiers at a railway station,[6] killing Commandant Gobind Ram,[7] an assassination attempt on Beant Singh,[8] an attack on chief of Punjab Police DGP Mangat,[9] an attack on former chief of Punjab Police JF Riberio in Romania,[10] an attack India's Home Minister Subodh Kant Sahay,[11] killing the SYL’s chief engineer shutting the project down,[12] killing Punjab’s Deputy Chief Minister Balwant Singh,[13] a role in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi,[14] along with various attacks on police, CRPF, NSG, BSF, and the Indian army.[15]
Early life and family
Gurjant Singh was born in the village of Budhsinghwala in a Brar Jat Sikh family of, Faridkot district (Modern day Moga district) on the 29 June 1966. He had four siblings — one sister and three brothers. He was learned, although after allegedly being tortured by the police multiple times and as he was a religious Amritdhari Sikh, he joined the KLF in 1986.[16]
Another factor that contributed to his joining of KLF was the killing of 8 Sikh militants on April 6, 1984, at Bibi Kahan Kaur Gurdwara in Moga by CRPF, BSF, and Punjab police. Among the dead was Budhsinghwala's grand uncle.[17][18]
In June 1985, during Operation Blue Star, he was arrested from Gurdwara Singh Sabha in Moga. He was kept in jail for 2 years and was released after his case came to court.[18]
Early militancy
Budhsinghwala's first act was the killing Sarpanch Dhana Singh. Dhana was accused of being a police informant. Budhsinghwala along with his cousin Jaga Singh and older brother Kulwant Singh killed Dhana. Jaga and Kulwant were arrested and put in Faridkot jail over this incident. Gurjant was arrested but was given house arrest temporarily. He escaped during this period and according to his brother said farewell to his entire family.[19][20]
Member of Malwa Kesri Commando Force
After fleeing from house arrest, he joined the Malwa Kesri Commando Force, a local militant group. It was under this group, that Budhsinghwala attacked home of a police informant and took part in 1986 Muktsar bus massacre. He was also accused of killing Additional District and Sessions Judge R.P. Gaind in Jalandhar.[21][22][23][24][25][19]
Head of Malwa Kesri Commando Force
After Malwa Kesri Commando Force leader, Waryam Singh, was killed in a fake encounter Budhsinghwala was put in charge. It is said that after Budhsinghwala was proclaimed head of Malwa Kesari Commando Force he vowed to kill those who killed Waryam Singh.[23][24]
Soon after, three involved in Waryama Singh's death were killed by Budhsinghwala using Sten Guns. One killed was the Sarpanch of Rode Joginder Singh who had given information that led to Waryam Singh's death.[26] Sarpanch Joginder Singh with three of his aides were making their way to a bus stop. They met a few Sikhs who were dressed as farmers, but were actually members of the Malwa Kesri Commando Force. The militants told the Sarpanch and his aides to try and run, as they had come to get revenge. They ran. As they ran the militants opened fire, killing three, with one of the aides managing to flee.[19]
Soon Malwa Kesri Commando Force merged with Khalistan Liberation Force.[27]
Lieutenant-General of Khalistan Liberation Force
Budhsinghwala's group, Malwa Kesri Commando Force, merged with Khalistan Liberation Force during its founding in late 1986 and he was soon after made Lieutenant-General of KLF by Avtar Singh Brahma.[28]
As Lieutenant-General he would discuss each and every action of KLF before hand with fellow higher ups to see if it was morally just or not and if it fit Sikh values.[29]
Killing of police officers
One of Budhsinghwala's first actions was in September 1987. The target was S.H.O. (Station house officer) Sub-Inspector Mith Singh. Mith Singh had been hand-picked by then chief of Punjab Police Julio F. Riberio. He was picked to deal with Budhsinghwala. Mith Singh had been accused of police brutality and targeting Budhsinghwala's family. Mith Singh had dragged Budhsinghwala's father by his hair in a public humiliation.[20] Budhsinghwala began plotting to kill Mith Singh in revenge for his actions with Husan Singh and Babbar Khalsa members. The attack was carried out by Budshinghwala and fellow Sikh militants on 15 September 1987 at around 9 in the morning. Mith Singh was shot while he was walking along with his guard, a police constable. Both of their guns were taken by Budhsinghwala. In the crossfire a schoolboy was also killed and five others were injured. The killing is said to have greatly alarmed Punjab Chief of Police Riberio. Mith Singh was one of his best and most loyal officers.[30]
On November 6, 1987, Budhsinghwala killed Deputy Superintendent of Police Tara Chand. Chand was killed in the Jagraon area.[31]
Killing SSP Avinder Singh Brar and SSP KRS Gill
One of Budhsinghwala's most major actions was the killing of Senior Superintendent of Police Avinder Singh Brar and Senior Superintendent of Police KRS Gill on December 14, 1987.[32][33]
SSP Brar and his junior, SSP KRS Gill, were both killed while jogging at Patiala's National Institute of Sports. Both of them had little security. Two men in tracksuits approached them at 7 a.m. They signaled to a third person who pulled out an AK-47. Brar was killed instantly by a bullet hitting his temple, “sending his skull flying”.[33] Gill attempted to flee to a police jeep, but was injured with bullets in his head and back. He would die while fleeing and fell on the ground face first. The three killers fled on a motorcycle.[34]
Brar and Gill were top officers. There killing was described as the biggest killing since that of AS Atwal in Punjab. It was also described as a big killer of police morale.[33] Brar had been held as the best police officer. Brar had cleaned the Babbar Khalsa out of Patiala.[35] According to Chief of Punjab Police at the time J.F Ribeiro Brar would have become the chief of police had he not been killed.[36]
In 1988 KLF under Avtar Singh Brahma attacked and destroyed CRPF bases in retaliation for CRPF actions at Brahampur.[37]
Various attacks
On January 22, 1988, BJP Punjab Vice-President Khushi Ram Sharma was shot dead with 4 bullets in Ludhiana by 2 Sikh on scooters. Budhsinghwala claimed responsibility in a letter on behalf of KLF.[38]
On the same day 6 KLF members armed with AK-47s shot dead 12 people in a park in Barnala. Five others were injured. One of them was a Shiv Sena worker. Budhsinghwala claimed responsibility in a letter on behalf of KLF.[38]
Budhsinghwala also led an attack on Gurcharan Singh Tohra and Professor Darshan Singh. Tohra was president of SGPC and Darshan was the SGPC appointed Jathedar of Akal Takht.[39][40] During an April 1988 SGPC meeting at Ludhiana University KLF members under Budhsinghwala snuck their way in using fake ids. They attacked and fought Tohra and Darshan's security. 5 police officers and 8 members of Tohra and Darshan's party were killed. No KLF member was killed but Tohra and Darshan managed to escape unhurt.[41][42][43] A motive for attacks on Tohra could be the belief of militants that Tohra was involved in Operation Blue Star.[44]
On June 19, 1988, under Budhsinghwala's reign as Lieutenant-General of KLF a senior KLF leader with other members gunned down the head of the Punjab Shiv Sena, Ramkat Jalota. He was killed along with his gunmen and another.[45][46][47] The Shiv Sena had used violence against Sikhs which made them targets of Sikh militants.[48]
Head of Khalistan Liberation Force
Following Avtar Singh's death in July 1988 Budhsinghwala commanded Khalistan Liberation Force.[49] Budhsinghwala was responsible for multiple key assassinations of top cops, and politicians. They were killed in revenge for killings of other Khalistan Liberation Force members or in revenge for extrajudicial killings of other Sikhs.[50]
Assassinations and attacks on security forces
Under Budhsinghwala KLF launched frequent attacks on the bases of security forces. A reason was retaliation for crimes committed at Brahmpura by security forces notably by CRPF. The crimes included the breaking of people's homes, burning of Guru Granth Sahib, shooting at Guru Granth Sahib, beating the elderly Sarpanch, rape and molestation of girls.[37][51][52][53][54]
Attacks on security forces
Under Budhsinghwala Major Singh Johal, Anar Singh Para, and other KLF members attacked with grenades a Home Guard headquarters in Lakhna Kalan.The Homeguard soldiers retreated in fear.[55][56]
Under Budhsinghwala Major Singh Johal, and other KLF members attacked a CRPF base in Gandivind Saraa and destroyed it.[56][55]
Under Budhsinghwala Major Singh Johal, and other KLF members attacked another CRPF base in Gandivind Saraa and destroyed it.[56][55]
Under Budhsinghwala KLF members under Major Singh Johal and Deputy Chief of KLF Jarnail Singh had an encounter with troops from the Indian Army in Karoonwale. Deputy Chief Jarnail Singh would be killed along with other KLF members. Major Singh Johal would survive with a few others.[56][55]
Under Budhsinghwala in Shabazpur Major Singh Johal with other KLF members blew up a CRPF base.[56][55]
In Bhagwanpur, under Budhsinghwala, Major Singh Johal with other KLF members attacked a CRPF base.[56][55]
In Ladhoo, under Budhsinghwala, Major Singh Johal with other KLF members had a battle with the Indian Army leading to 5 KLF members dying.[56][55]
In Bhoora Kahon, under Budhsinghwala, Major Singh Johal, and Gurdeep Singh Vakeel with other KLF members attacked 2 BSF vehicles killing 9 BSF jawans and injuring 7. The vehicles were also destroyed.[56][55]
KLF members under Budhsinghwala led by Major Singh Johal, and Gurdeep Singh Vakeel blew up 2 CRPF vehicles near the Chandian river.[56][55]
In Sarhali Major Singh Johal with other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, attacked a police station killing 5 CRPF men and injuring a Deputy Superintendent of Police.[56][55]
In Thatti, under Budhsinghwala, Major Singh Johal with other KLF members attacked a drain killing 4 BSF jawans.[56][55]
In Lahuka, under Budhsinghwala, Major Singh Johal with other KLF members blew up a police van with bombs.[56][55]
In Dubli Major Singh Johal with other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, attacked a CRPF checkpoint. 1 police jeep and 1 police bus were destroyed and 19 officers were killed, including a Deputy Superintendent of Police, with 1 injured.[56][55]
In Kalia Sakthar Major Singh Johal with other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, attacked a police station.[56][55]
In Cheema Major Singh Johal and other KLF members attacked CRPF and commandos killing 5 and seriously injuring 6.[56][55]
In Khemkaran Major Singh Johal with other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, attacked the place killing 5 BSF jawans.[56][55]
Major Singh Johal and other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, attacked the station in Kachha Pakka. Johal attacked with Gurdeep Singh Vakeel and other prominent KLF members. They used pistols, grenades, and RPGs. 2 police buses were burn and 11 CRPF men were killed.[56][55]
Major Singh Johal, Gurdeep Singh Vakeel, and other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, attacked the CRPF headquarters in Kubaak with RPGs and grenades. 1 jeep was destroyed and 3 CRPF men were killed.[56][55]
Major Singh Johal, and other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, attacked a police station in Manochahal where Indian Army soldiers were stationed. 17 soldiers were killed.[56][55]
Major Singh Johal, and other KLF members, under Budhsinghwala, killed 3 commandos at a checkpoint in Padhri Nake.[56][55]
Major Singh Johal, and other KLF members attacked the BSF headquarters in Noorwala.[56][55]
Under Budhsinghwala Major Singh Johal and other KLF members were involved in a battle with National Security Guards near Dubeepur. KLF won the battle with 8 NSG being killed and 5 being injured.[56][55][57]
In Amarko other KLF members attacked a CRPF patrol and killed 7 officers.[56][55][57]
Under Budhsinghwala Major Singh Johal, and other KLF members killed 5 soldiers and injuring 5 more in Panjwar by attacking a convoy.[56][55][57]
At Sri Hargobindpur Toofan Singh and 5 others attacked a police party on November 1, 1988. In the attack 1 Sergeant was wounded, and 1 Constable was also wounded.[58]
In December 1988, near Sri Hargobindpur, Toofan Singh and others attack SHO (Station House Officer) Swaran Singh and officers with him. No one was hurt in the attack.[58]
Budhsinghwala claimed responsibility for an attack on 2 CRPF jeeps near Sher Chowk on July 25, 1989. The government claimed 1 CRPF jawan was killed and 4 injured. Budhsinghwala claimed more were killed in the attack. Budhsinghwala also warned that more attacks would ensue if police did not stop committing fake encounters.[59]
KLF claimed responsibility for an attack on a TV tower with RPGs on March 30, 1990, in Amritsar. The attack occurred in the night at 11. In the attack 7 CRPF soldiers were killed with 6 injured. It caused a loss of over 10,000,000 rupees. (Equivalent to $1,250,000 USD)[60]
KLF claimed responsibility for attack a Police station in Dandkasle on April 6, 1990, killing 1 Constable.[60]
Per court case, Khalistan Liberation Force members blew up a portion of police station at Sector 26 Chandigarh, India in July 1990.[61]
On September 21, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for an attack on a SPO base which killed 2 officers.[62]
Railway army killing
In a meeting, led by Budhsinghwala, of KLF members they issued a press note on July 5, 1991, taking responsibility for the killing of 70 Indian Army soldiers and 30 others at Badoval Station in Raipur, Ludhiana. In the press note KLF added that the 30 others killed were civilians and were in the crossfire unintentionally. They added that this action was done in revenge for the martyrdom of Toofan Singh, Bhupinder Singh Canadian, and Hardev Singh.[63]
Assassinations of officers
Budhsinghwala along with Sukhwinder Singh Sukhi, a KLF member, also killed Inspector R. Sodha.[64]
KLF was held responsible for the killing of BSF Deputy Commandant Davinder Singh.[65]
KLF was held responsible for the killing of BSF Assistant Commandant Lachman Singh.[65]
In March 1989 under Budhsinghwala KLF members killed Thanedar (Assistant Sub-Inspector) Pargat Singh. Pargat had been accused of targeting the family of Sikhs. He was killed while having tea near a police station. Another officer was injured.[66][67]
On September 13, 1989, S.S.P Gobind Ram's son was killed in an attempted attack on Gobind Ram by Budhsinghwala and other KLF members.[68]
Commandant Gobind Ram was killed on January 10, 1990. Gobind Ram was killed in a bomb blast at the headquarters of the 75th battalion of the Punjab Armed Police in Jalandhar. He was commandant of the 75th battalion. According to an informant Gobind Ram's body had to be swept off the floor. The planning of the killing was done by Budhsinghwala while the killing was done Toofan Singh and others. The bomb was planted in the cooler of his office. In the blast, 3 others, including Sub Inspector Prem Kumar, were killed and at least 4 were critically wounded. The blast also caused major damage to the building. All the windows of the second floor were broken and a fire broke out on the first floor. Multiple vehicles parked were also damaged. Gobind Ram was known as the "butcher". He was known involved in 38 extrajudicial executions. He had been on the hit list of Sikhs over his role in fake encounters. He had also beat and tortured the wives of Sikhs. He was also known for forcing people to drink urine calling it "Gobind Ram's amrit".[69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][excessive citations]
On February 16, 1990, KCF, BTFK (Sangha), BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for an explosion in Phillaur that killed Inspector Harcharan Singh Soori and Assistant Sub-Inspector Ram Moorti on the 11th. The bomb also wounded 2 Sergeants. The explosion happened in an armoured and guarded police training facility. Both were put in a special armoured room for extra safety, but were killed at 9 pm from an explosion within their room. Both officers had been accused of torturing Sikhs. Inspector Soori had survived a previous assassination attempt in 1988.[79][80]
On March 2, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for killing 1 Sergeant and 1 Constable of Punjab Police in Nagoke for alleged “misdeeds”.[81]
On March 2, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for a bomb attack in Philaur that killed 1 police constable and 2 others. They stated that they were killed because they had put fake cases on locals.[81]
On November 24, 1990, at 9 am Budhsinghwala along with other militant groups part of the Sohan Singh Committee killed Superintendent of Police (Operations) Harjit Singh in a bomb blast at Tarn Taran. Sikh militants had been studying Harjit's travel routes for some time. A remote-controlled bomb had been placed on a road Harjit usually drove by to go to the doctor. When Harjit's lead security vehicles drove by and it was just his vehicle over the bomb it was detonated. In the explosion three of his security guards were killed and his vehicle was destroyed. Harjit's limbs were found over 100 meters away from the location of the explosion. A permanent curfew was put on the town after. A saying about the incident is, “He had a security vehicle in front of him and behind him, so he would be safe from all sides. But he didn’t count on his death coming from below”. Twenty-two days prior to his death Harjit had killed the chief of BTFK (S) Sukhwinder Singh Sangha along with four other militants. KLF, KCF, Babbar Khalsa, SSF, and BTFK (S) members held a meeting afterward pledging to kill Harjit within 31 days of Sangha's death. Major Singh of KCF was given the lead role in the killing. A famous kavishri ballad about this incident says, “24th November at exactly 9, for Sangha’s revenge Major Singh and his allies have arrived. Without wasting any time Kharkus have come to kill him… The 5 jathebandis [Groups] had said we would hit him hard… To become SSP he had done many misdeeds… Watch how with a computer system [remote-controlled bomb] Kharkus blow him up. Harjit’s wife watches his limbs blow up… Operation Shera has been done on the SP of Operation.”[82][83][84][85][86][87]
On December 27, 1990, D.S.P. of Patiala Sujit Singh along with his wife and two guards were killed by Budhsinghwala.[86][88]
Budhsinghwala also injured Chief of Punjab Police, D.G.P. (Director General of Police) D.S Mangat in a bomb blast in 1991. The blast injured three of his security guards with his chief security officer losing a foot.[89][88]
On October 9, 1991, Superintendent of Police (Headquarters) Joginder Singh Kherawas killed by KLF and BTFK. Khera was ambushed in Ropar. Khera was one of the leading officers in the Punjab Police force. He was killed with nine commandos.[88][90][91]
On April 1, 1992, Superintendent of Police (Operations) of Ludhiana R.S Tiwana was killed by Budhsinghwala in a remote-controlled bomb blast. His daughter and two others were also killed in the blast.[92][91][93][94]
On September 28, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing Inspector Rajinderpal Singh.[95]
Killing of police informants
On March 16, 1990, KLF, SSF, BKI, and KCF claimed responsibility for killing a police informant named Bhagwant Singh who was involved in over 50 killings. He was also a key associate of Gobind Ram.[96]
On April 6. 1990, KLF claimed responsibility for killing Amrik Singh Jaura, a Nihang, and his gunmen near Tarn Taran for their involvement in killing militant Sukhdev Singh Sakhira.[97] He was chief of a faction of Buddha Dal after Santa Singh’s excommunication.[98]
On November 23, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, BTFK, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing Congress president of Jalandhar district, Gurdarshan Singh. They claimed he was a police informant involved in the killing of militants.[99]
Assassination of politicians
On May 5, 1989, Budhsinghwala and fellow KLF militants killed Congress leader and MLA Sat Pal Parashar. He had recently been elected to Ludhiana North Constituency.[100][101][102][103]
On May 14, 1990, Gurcharan Singh Tohra, president of SGPC, was attacked in his car. A jeep with about 6 militnats drove beside Tohra's vehicle and opened fire. An escort car attempted to chase them but they escaped. Tohra managed to survive but was injured. Tohra's bodyguard was also injured. Tohra's driver was killed and so was former MLA H.S. Rajla who was accompanying Tohra.[104] Budhsinghwala, Paramjit Singh Panjwar of Khalistan Commando Force, Sukhdev Singh Babbar of Babbar Khalsa, and Daljit Singh of the All India Sikh Student Federation collectively claimed responsibility. They said he was attacked for his involvement in Operation Blue Star.[105]
On July 11, 1990, Budhsinghwala killed former Punjab Finance Minister and Deputy Chief Minister Balwant Singh.[106] Balwant was killed in a car while travelling on a busy road in Chandigarh. Balwant was a key player in the creation of the Rajiv-Longowal Accord. The accord had been opposed by many Sikh leaders and militants.[107] Balwant had been dubbed a traitor for his involvement in the accord.[108]
Budhsinghwala killed vice-president of the Punjab Congress party Lala Bhagwan Das along with his bodyguards.[106]
On November 23, 1990, KCF, KLF, BKI, BTFK, and SSF claimed responsibility for killing Congress president of Jalandhar district, Gurdarshan Singh. They claimed he was a police informant involved in the killing of militants.[109]
Under Budhsinghwala in January 1992 two KLF members killed Sher Singh, president of All India Youth Akali Dal, at Aroorgarh.[110]
Attack on Suboht Kant Sahay
On June 7, 1991, BTFK (Sangha), KLF, KCF (Panjwar), and SSF claimed responsibility for an assassination attempt on India's Home Minister Subodh Kant Sahay in Ludhiana. Kharkus made a bomb attack on his convoy. Sahay’s bulletproof vehicle flipped over, but he escaped with minor wounds. His driver and 1 bodyguard were seriously wounded.[111][112][113][114][115]
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
On May 21, 1991, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a suicide bomber which also killed 15 others and injured 43 others. The bomber, Kalaivani Rajaratnam, approached and greeted Gandhu. She then bent down to touch his feet and detonated an RDX explosive-laden belt tucked below her dress at exactly 10:10 PM.[116] Some key people among the dead excluding Rajiv Gandhi was the bomber Kalaivani Rajaratnam, K.S Mohammed Iqbal who was a SP, Munuswamy who was former member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council, and Santhani Begum the head of Mahila Congress.[117][118] The main plot of the assassination was done by LTTE.[119][120] Budhsinghwala was involved in the plot to assassinate Rajiv Gandhi and helped with planning, logistical support, and tactical support.[121][122][123][124][125][126][127]
Attack on RSS
On the morning of June 25, 1989 KLF and BTFK members attacked Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) members at their meeting at Nehru Park in Moga. 21 RSS members were killed with a police officer, a paramilitary home guard and a couple dying of a bomb blast after the shooting leaving a total of 25 dead and 31-35 injured. It has since been renamed to Shahidi Park meaning Martyr Park. According to police Sikhs opened fire with automatic weapons from a van killing 21 and injuring many. According to survivors bullets were sprayed on everyone. They then left the scene. Soon after a powerful bomb blast occurred which killed 4, injured more, and caused damage. A second bomb also blew up after, but it caused no damage or injuries. A curfew was announced immediately following the incident.[128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135]
Home Minister Buta Singh described the incident as, "a very serious attempt on the part of terrorists to whip up tension along communal lines."[129]
Various other actions
In a meeting with top KLF leaders, including Budhsinghwala and Navroop Singh, in Sri Hargobindpur Toofan Singh took responsibility for an explosion at a liquor store in Batala. 15 people were killed, 50 were injured, 4 shops were blown up, and 1 van was blown up in the explosion.[136]
On August 3, 1989, under Budhsinghwala Kulwant Singh, a senior KLF member, and another killed Charan Das. Das was the head of a heterodox Dalit religious group. He had been accused of blasphemy of Guru Granth Sahib. He was chopped into pieces by the KLF members.[130][137]
Three days later on September 16, 1989, Manish Karma, son of S.P Des Raj, would be kidnapped by Budhsinghwala. His reasoning was that he wanted police officers to go through the pain of losing a child as so many Sikhs had in fake encounters. Though the real reason was for the release of Khalistan Liberation Force members. Manishu was let go in exchange for the release of Budhsinghwala's allies 3 or 4 days after being captured. Manishu was treated well while he was captured. He said that he was given sweets and was told stories of the Sikh Gurus. On the day of his release he was dressed in new clothes and was given 1.1 Million rupees.[68]
On July 23, 1990, KLF, KCF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for killing the Chief Engineer of the SYL, ML Sekhri, and Superintending Engineer of the SYL, Avtar Singh. They were killed while attending a meeting with fellow engineers in Chandigarh.[138][139][140]
On October 9, 1991, Budhsignhwala along with Bhindranwale Tiger Force, Khalistan Commando Force, and the Sikh Students Federation kidnapped Romanian charge d’affaires Lividu Radu.[141] Radu was taken from his car at around 8 am. He was forced into the vehicle of Budhsinghwala and co by 4 Sikhs who were armed. Quickly after the kidnapping, many raids were launched by security forces. Exit routes from Delhi were blocked and authorities in Uttar Pradesh and Haryana were warned of the situation.[142] The kidnappers demanded the release of the killers of General Vaidya. Two of whom were Harjinder Singh Jinda, and Sukhdev Singh Sukha.The kidnappers threatened to cut Radu in pieces if their demands weren't met by October 19.[141][143] The deadline passed, but Sikh militants did not harm Radu.[144] The Indian government refused to meet any of the Sikh's demands.[145] Radu was kept in Delhi until October 27. He was then moved to Punjab by car. On November 25 Radu was released unharmed after 48 days.[143][146][147]
On October 26, 1991, R.N. Goyal, Chief Health Officers Ludhiana, Bachitar Singh Director Health Services Punjab, and 5 others were killed by KCF, KLF, BTFK, BKI, and SSF. They claimed that the doctors had forged autopsy’s, improperly treated Sikhs, and aided in police killings.[148][149]
Wanted for
Budhsinghwala was responsible for the killings of over 1,000 people including key police officers and politicians.[150][151][3]
Death
Budhsinghwala was killed in a police encounter on 29 July 1992, in Ludhiana, when he and other members of KLF were meeting. The firefight took several hours. Police stated that Singh was killed in the house where a meeting was taking place, while some witnesses claim that he was killed in an alleyway 50 metres (160 ft) away from the house. His body was not returned to his family and was secretly cremated as police feared that his body might be used as a propaganda tool.[152] At the time of his death, he was wanted in 37 cases of assassination.[151][need quotation to verify]
There was a 2.5 million rupee bounty on Gurjant Singh at his time of death.[153]
A two-day general strike was started in Chandigarh by all Akali Dal factions to protest against the killing of Budhsinghwala. According to police it had, "…paralysed life in six districts."[154]
After Budhsinghwala's death, Dr Pritam Singh Sekhon succeeded him as head of the KLF.[155]
References
- ^ Sandhu, Amandeep (5 December 2022). Panjab: Journeys Through Fault Lines. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5492-859-8.
- ^ Chima, Jugdep S. (2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. SAGE India. p. 223. ISBN 978-81-321-1286-0.
- ^ a b Archives, L. A. Times (31 July 1992). "Top Sikh Guerrilla Leader Reported Killed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "ਪਟਿਆਲਾ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਐਸ. ਐਸ. ਪੀ. ਦਾ ਕਤਲ". Ajit. 15 December 1987. p. 1.
- ^ Jaruhar, Manjari (25 July 2022). Madam Sir: The Story of Bihar's First Lady IPS Officer. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5492-677-8.
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) Page 2 July 5 1991
- ^ Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 1992. p. 31.
- ^ Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 1995. p. 30.
- ^ "Police morale at low ebb in Punjab". India Today. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "Attack on Indian ambassador to Romania Julio Ribeiro baffles investigators". India Today. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ Fineman, Mark (16 June 1991). "Sikhs Storm 2 Trains, Kill 110 in Punjab". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ WSN. "2 SYL officials shot dead". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. May 1992. p. 6.
- ^ Subramanian, Nirupama; Baweja, Harinder (30 June 1995). "Rajiv Gandhi killing: Jain Commission investigates likelihood of wider conspiracy". India Today. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ India Today. Living Media India Pvt. Limited. 1988. p. 26.
- ^ Pettigrew, Joyce (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab: unheard voices of State and Guerilla violence. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-355-0. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ^ Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab : unheard voices of State and guerrilla violence. Internet Archive. London ; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-85649-355-0.
- ^ a b Baja, Maninder Singh (2016). ਅਮਰ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰਜੰਟ ਸਿੰਘ ਬੁੱਧਸਿੰਘਵਾਲਾ (in Punjabi) (1st ed.). Damdami Taksal. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-93-85397-02-8.
- ^ a b c Dang, Satyapal (1988). Genesis of Terrorism: An Analytical Study of Punjab Terrorists. Patriot. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-7050-067-4.
- ^ a b Singh, Harjinder (2008). Game of Love. Akaal Publishers. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-9554587-1-2.
- ^ "Sikhs assassinate judge in Punjab". UPI. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ Baja, Maninder Singh (2016). ਅਮਰ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰਜੰਟ ਸਿੰਘ ਬੁੱਧਸਿੰਘਵਾਲਾ (in Punjabi) (1st ed.). Damdami Taksal. p. 43. ISBN 978-93-85397-02-8.
- ^ a b Singh, Gurpreet (1996). Terrorism: Punjab's Recurring Nightmare. Sehgal Book Distributors. p. 104.
- ^ a b Dang, Satyapal (1988). Genesis of Terrorism: An Analytical Study of Punjab Terrorists. Patriot. p. 114. ISBN 978-81-7050-067-4.
- ^ IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1987. p. 1511.
- ^ Popular Jurist. All India Lawyers' Union. 1985. p. 52.
- ^ Baja, Maninder Singh (2016). ਅਮਰ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰਜੰਟ ਸਿੰਘ ਬੁੱਧਸਿੰਘਵਾਲਾ (in Punjabi) (1st ed.). Damdami Taksal. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-93-85397-02-8.
- ^ Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 211. ISBN 978-81-7223-251-1.
- ^ Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1997). Fighting for faith and nation : dialogues with Sikh militants. Internet Archive. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8122-3361-2.
- ^ "Police: Three Dead, Five Injured In Sikh Terrorist Attack". AP NEWS. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ "Commissioner of Police shares festivities with martyr DSP's family". 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ Jaruhar, Manjari (25 July 2022). Madam Sir: The Story of Bihar's First Lady IPS Officer. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5492-677-8.
- ^ a b c "ਪਟਿਆਲਾ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਐਸ. ਐਸ. ਪੀ. ਦਾ ਕਤਲ". Ajit. 15 December 1987. p. 1.
- ^ "Terrorists kill senior Punjab IPS officers Avinder Singh Brar and K.R.S. Gill". India Today. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ "Terrorists kill senior Punjab IPS officers Avinder Singh Brar and K.R.S. Gill". India Today. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Man who would have led Punjab Police one day".
- ^ a b India Today. Living Media India Pvt. Limited. 1988. p. 26.
- ^ a b The Indian Express. The Indian Express.
- ^ Sandhu, Kanwar (1 June 2014). "Punjab was scorched 30 summers ago, the burn still hurts". Complications. The Tribune. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
- ^ Chima, Jusdep Singh (2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd. p. 141. ISBN 9788132103028.
- ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Pakistan sabotaged Khalistan movement: Manjinder Issi". m.rediff.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ Link. United India Periodicals. 1990. p. 16.
- ^ Asian Bulletin. APACL Publications. 1990. p. 52.
- ^ "Sikh leader wounded, two killed in militant ambush". UPI. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ WSN. "Fourteen Killed In Bomb Attack In Kurukshetra". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | India: Information for 1988 and since 1992 on the Shiv Sena in Punjab, especially on its current status, its activities, whether its members are harassed and arrested by Sikh police officers; and on whether its members are involved in incidences of violence against Sikhs". Refworld. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- ^ The Illustrated Weekly of India. 1989. p. 31.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | India: Information pertaining to a Hindu organization Shiv Sena operating in the Punjab (was it banned? when? why? treatment of its members by militant Sikhs and government authorities)". Refworld. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- ^ "Death report exaggerated". The Independent. London. 29 August 1992. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ Singh, Harjinder (2008). Game of Love. Akaal Publishers. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-9554587-1-2.
- ^ "Punjab's volatile political scenario turns worse with series of bloody developments". India Today. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1987. p. 252.
- ^ Link: Indian Newsmagazine. 1987. p. 24.
- ^ "The Forum Gazette Vol. 2 No. 2 January 20-February 5, 1987 by Sikh Digital Library - Issuu". issuu.com. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x ਖਾੜਕੂ ਯੋਧੇ in Punjabi by Maninder Singh Baja
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Taksal, Ranjit Singh Damdami (30 June 2017), History of Shaheed Bhai Major Singh Johal Alias Pala, Khalistan Liberation Force. Writer - Ranjit Singh Student Damdami Taksal, Sikh Youth Federation Bhindranwala., retrieved 1 July 2023
- ^ a b c Baja, Maninder Singh (2016). ਅਮਰ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਭਾਈ ਗੁਰਜੰਟ ਸਿੰਘ ਬੁੱਧਸਿੰਘਵਾਲਾ (in Punjabi) (1st ed.). Damdami Taksal. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-93-85397-02-8.
- ^ a b "Des Pardes Weekly - December 16 1988". www.panjabdigilib.org. pp. 5, 12. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ "ਕਤਲਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਜੀਪਾਂ ਉਤੇ ਕੀਤੇ ਹਮਲਿਆਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਜੁੰਮੇਵਾਰੀਆਂ ਲਈਆਂ". World Sikh News. 11 August 1989. p. 22.
- ^ a b World Sikh News (Punjabi) April 6, 1990 Page 2
- ^ "Latest News, India News, Breaking News, Today's News Headlines Online". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) September 21, 1990 Page 2
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) Page 2 July 5 1991
- ^ "CM seeks report on Sukhi case".
- ^ a b "Des Pardes - April 14". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 139. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ Asian Bulletin. APACL Publications. 1989. p. 65.
- ^ ਸਿੱਖ ਸੰਘਰਸ਼ in Punjabi by Surinder Singh Johar
- ^ a b "Terrorists in Punjab increasingly target policemen's families". India Today. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ WSN. "Gobind Ram cremated". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ "Bomb kills Punjab police commander, three others". UPI. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ Raman, B. "Who will mourn our martyrs?". Rediff. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ WSN. "Gobind Ram dies in blast". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ Singh, Harjinder (2008). Game of Love. Akaal Publishers. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-9554587-1-2.
- ^ "Security forces continue to transgress law in Punjab". India Today. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Time Line". Khalistan Extremism Monitor. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ Bhatnagar, Ved (1998). Challenges to India's Integrity: Terrorism, Casteism, Communalism. Rawat Publications. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-81-7033-442-2.
- ^ Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (3 August 2010). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8122-0017-1.
- ^ "Documented cases of enforced disappearances & extrajudicial executions in Punjab, India directly implicating Gobind Ram". Mapping Crimes Against Humanity: Enforced Disappearances & Extrajudicial Executions in Punjab, India. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) February 16, 1990 Page 2, 5
- ^ WSN. "2 more senior cops die in blast". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ a b World Sikh News (Punjabi) March 2, 1990 Page 2
- ^ "Sikhs kill police superintendent, eight civilians - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1991. p. 30.
- ^ Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 1994. p. 41.
- ^ "Punjab Police - Martyrs-Gallery". punjabpolice.org. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ a b Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 400. ISBN 978-81-7223-251-1.
- ^ The Indian Factories Journal. Company Law Institute of India Limited. 1997. pp. 22–24.
- ^ a b c "Martyr's Gallery". 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ^ "Police morale at low ebb in Punjab". India Today. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ WSN. "Ropar SP; Inspector, 3 sons shot dead". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ a b Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 428. ISBN 978-81-7223-251-1.
- ^ Dead Silence: The Legacy of Human Rights Abuses in Punjab. Human Rights Watch. 1994. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-56432-130-5.
- ^ WSN. "Senior Police Officer escapes blast, 20 killed in Punjab". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ "Major cases of terrorist incidents" (PDF).
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) September 28, 1990 Page 2
- ^ "Des Pardes Weekly March 9-16". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 45. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ "Des Pardes Weekly March 31 - April 6". www.panjabdigilib.org. p. 46. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ Dang, Satyapal (1988). Genesis of Terrorism: An Analytical Study of Punjab Terrorists. Patriot. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7050-067-4.
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) November 23, 1990 Page 5
- ^ "Sat Pal Parashar remembered Our Correspondent".
- ^ "Timeline of incidents in Punjab (Jan to Dec 1989) | KEM". Khalistan Extremism Monitor. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ "Know the Ludhiana MLAs and their priorities". Hindustan Times. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ Data India. Press Institute of India. 1989. p. 442.
- ^ "Sikh leader wounded, two killed in militant ambush". UPI. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ The Indian Express. The Indian Express.
- ^ a b Frontline. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. May 1992. p. 6.
- ^ Times, Special to The New York (11 July 1990). "Sikh Who Promoted Truce Is Shot to Death". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ J. C. Aggarwal; S. P. Agrawal (1992). Modern History of Punjab. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-81-7022-431-0. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) November 23, 1990 Page 5
- ^ "In 26 yrs, Punjab suffered most terror attacks, blasts". The Indian Express. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
- ^ https://tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/democracy-ushered-in-despite-low-turnout-347203 [bare URL]
- ^ Crossette, Barbara (16 June 1991). "Extremists in India Kill 80 on 2 Trains As Voting Nears End". New York Times.
- ^ "Being held under the shadow of the terrorists' gun, elections in Punjab may well backfire". India Today. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Data India. Press Institute of India. 1991. p. 465.
- ^ Fineman, Mark (16 June 1991). "Sikhs Storm 2 Trains, Kill 110 in Punjab". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "A look back at Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Rare images from the past". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ "The others who died with Rajiv Gandhi: Families talk of struggle, neglect". The Indian Express. 22 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Dutta, Prabhash K. (21 May 2017). "Remembering Rajiv Gandhi: What exactly happened on that fateful night of May 21 in Madras and New Delhi". India Today. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Subramanian, T.S. "A mystery solved". www.frontline.in. Frontline. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ Keerthana, R (21 March 2014). "Rajiv's death – a revisit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ "Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Convicts Nalini Sriharan, two others set free". OnManorama. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Subramanian, Nirupama; Baweja, Harinder (30 June 1995). "Rajiv Gandhi killing: Jain Commission investigates likelihood of wider conspiracy". India Today. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ "Was KLF lawful till yesterday ? By - Kanwar Pal Singh". www.babushahi.com. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "Rajiv Gandhi assassination: How was India's former PM killed? Know about plot, convicts and other details". News9live. 18 May 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Dalal, Ramesh (2001). Rajiv Gandhi's Assassination: The Mystery Unfolds. UBSPD. p. 120. ISBN 978-81-7476-277-1.
- ^ Jain Commission Chapter 1
- ^ Venugopalan, Harish (15 September 2022). Stranger than Fiction: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination. Notion Press. ISBN 979-8-88805-403-1.
- ^ "Shahidi Park | District Moga, Government of Punjab | India". Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ a b "SIKH MILITANTS FIRE ON HINDU GATHERING IN PUNJAB". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b Swami, Praveen (29 March 2023). "Why does the ghost of Khalistan still haunt Punjab? Story of this father & son has answers". ThePrint. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Sabha, India Parliament Rajya. Parliamentary Debates: Official Report. Council of States Secretariat. p. 127.
- ^ Marwah, Ved (1997). Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India. HarperCollins. p. 393. ISBN 978-81-7223-251-1.
- ^ Singh, Mohinder (2000). Punjab 1999: Political and Socio-economic Developments. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. p. 264. ISBN 978-81-86565-76-6.
- ^ "Punjab militancy: 26 years on, Moga observes its 'darkest day'". The Times of India. 29 June 2015. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ World Sikh News (Punjabi) June 30, 1989
- ^ "ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ". Ajit.
- ^ Parliament of India, the Eighth Lok Sabha, 1985-89: A Study. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1991. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-85119-95-3.
- ^ "Militant who killed two SYL engineers gets place in Central Sikh Museum". The Indian Express. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ WSN. "2 SYL officials shot dead". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ "Can I get my father back? Asks slain SYL engineer's daughter". Hindustan Times. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Sikh militants release photo of abducted Romanian diplomat - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Suspected Sikh Militants Kidnap Romanian Diplomat in India". AP NEWS. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Romanian diplomat freed by Sikh militants - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Deadline passes in diplomat's abduction case - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Romanian diplomat's kidnapping in Punjab boomerangs". India Today. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ Tatla, Darsham Singh (8 August 2005). The Sikh Diaspora: The Search For Statehood. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-135-36744-2.
- ^ Gordon, Leonard; Oldenburg, Philip (6 September 1992). India Briefing, 1992. Avalon Publishing. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8133-1497-6.
- ^ WSN. "Killings owned". SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Chandra, Ramesh (2003). Global Terrorism: Foreign Policy in the New Millennium. Gyan Publishing House. p. 261. ISBN 978-81-7835-240-4.
- ^ India Today. Aroon Purie for Living Media India Limited. July 1992. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ^ a b Joshi, Manoj (1993). Combating Terrorism in Punjab: Indian Democracy in Crisis. Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- ^ "IHRO Human Right Watch". Ihro.in. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-953-0.
- ^ "Sikh rebels blamed for massacre". The Independent. 3 August 1992. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- v
- t
- e
- All India Sikh Students Federation
- Babbar Khalsa
- Council of Khalistan
- International Sikh Youth Federation
- Khalistan Commando Force (List of actions attributed to KCF)
- Khalistan Liberation Force
- Khalistan Liberation Organisation
- Khalistan Liberation Army
- Khalistan Tiger Force
- Khalistan Zindabad Force
- Shaheed Khalsa Force
- Waris Punjab De
- Jaspal Atwal
- Gurmit Singh Aulakh
- Sukhdev Singh Babbar
- Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
- Avtar Singh Brahma
- Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala
- Harminder Singh Nihang
- Manbir Singh Chaheru
- Gurdeep Singh Deepa Heran Wala
- Jagjit Singh Chohan
- Gurpatwant Singh Pannun
- Jagtar Singh Hawara
- Lakhbir Singh Rode
- Harjinder Singh Jinda
- Gurdev Singh Kaunke
- Avtar Singh Khanda
- Gurbachan Singh Manochahal
- Hardeep Singh Nijjar
- Talwinder Singh Parmar
- Amritpal Singh
- Surinder Singh Sodhi
- Labh Singh
- Toofan Singh
- Sukhwinder Singh Sangha
- Sukhdev Singh Sukha
- Beant Singh
- Satwant Singh
- Harmeet Singh
- Dal Khalsa
- Khalistan Referendum
- Panthic Committee
- Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)