List of cities in Germany by population
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deutschland_politisch_2010.png/220px-Deutschland_politisch_2010.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Population_density_of_Germany_by_municipality.svg/220px-Population_density_of_Germany_by_municipality.svg.png)
As defined by the German Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development, a Großstadt (large city) is a city with more than 100,000 inhabitants.[1] As of today, 80 cities in Germany fulfill this criterion and are listed here. This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits, which does not include other municipalities or suburban areas within urban agglomerations or metropolitan areas.
List
The following table lists the 80 cities in Germany with a population of at least 100,000 each on 31 December 2021, as estimated by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany.[2] A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital, and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state. The table below contains the following information:
- The city rank by population as of 31 December 2021, as estimated by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany
- The city name
- The name of the state in which the city lies[3]
- The city population as of 31 December 2021, as estimated by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany[4]
- The city population as of 31 December 2015, as estimated by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany[4]
- The city percentage population change from 31 December 2015 to 31 December 2021
- The change in city rank by population from 31 December 2015 to 31 December 2021
- The city land area as of 31 December 2021
- The city population density as of 31 December 2021 (residents per unit of land area)
- The city latitude and longitude coordinates.
Schwerin is the only state capital not listed.
2021 rank | City | State | 2021 estimate | 2015 estimate | Growth | Rank change | 2021 land area | 2021 population density | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() | ![]() | 3,677,472 | 3,520,031 | +4.47% | ![]() | 891.3 km2 344.1 sq mi | 4,126/km2 10,690/sq mi | 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E / 52.517; 13.383 (1 Berlin) |
2 | ![]() | ![]() | 1,906,411 | 1,787,408 | +6.66% | ![]() | 755.2 km2 291.6 sq mi | 2,524/km2 6,540/sq mi | 53°33′N 10°0′E / 53.550°N 10.000°E / 53.550; 10.000 (2 Hamburg) |
3 | ![]() | ![]() | 1,487,708 | 1,450,381 | +2.57% | ![]() | 310.7 km2 120.0 sq mi | 4,788/km2 12,400/sq mi | 48°8′N 11°34′E / 48.133°N 11.567°E / 48.133; 11.567 (3 Munich) |
4 | ![]() | ![]() | 1,073,096 | 1,060,582 | +1.18% | ![]() | 405.15 km2 156.43 sq mi | 2,648/km2 6,860/sq mi | 50°56′N 6°57′E / 50.933°N 6.950°E / 50.933; 6.950 (4 Cologne) |
5 | ![]() | ![]() | 759,224 | 732,688 | +3.62% | ![]() | 248.31 km2 95.87 sq mi | 3,057/km2 7,920/sq mi | 50°7′N 8°41′E / 50.117°N 8.683°E / 50.117; 8.683 (5 Frankfurt) |
6 | ![]() | ![]() | 626,275 | 623,738 | +0.41% | ![]() | 207.33 km2 80.05 sq mi | 3,020/km2 7,800/sq mi | 48°47′N 9°11′E / 48.783°N 9.183°E / 48.783; 9.183 (6 Stuttgart) |
7 | ![]() | ![]() | 619,477 | 612,178 | +1.19% | ![]() | 217.41 km2 83.94 sq mi | 2,849/km2 7,380/sq mi | 51°14′N 6°47′E / 51.233°N 6.783°E / 51.233; 6.783 (7 Düsseldorf) |
8 | ![]() | ![]() | 601,866 | 560,472 | +7.39% | ![]() | 297.4 km2 114.8 sq mi | 2,024/km2 5,240/sq mi | 51°20′N 12°23′E / 51.333°N 12.383°E / 51.333; 12.383 (8 Leipzig) |
9 | ![]() | ![]() | 586,852 | 586,181 | +0.11% | ![]() | 280.71 km2 108.38 sq mi | 2,091/km2 5,420/sq mi | 51°31′N 7°28′E / 51.517°N 7.467°E / 51.517; 7.467 (9 Dortmund) |
10 | ![]() | ![]() | 579,432 | 582,624 | −0.55% | ![]() | 210.34 km2 81.21 sq mi | 2,755/km2 7,140/sq mi | 51°27′N 7°1′E / 51.450°N 7.017°E / 51.450; 7.017 (10 Essen) |
11 | ![]() | ![]() | 563,290 | 557,464 | +1.05% | ![]() | 326.7 km2 126.1 sq mi | 1,724/km2 4,470/sq mi | 53°5′N 8°48′E / 53.083°N 8.800°E / 53.083; 8.800 (11 Bremen) |
12 | ![]() | ![]() | 555,351 | 543,825 | +2.12% | ![]() | 328.8 km2 127.0 sq mi | 1,689/km2 4,370/sq mi | 51°2′N 13°44′E / 51.033°N 13.733°E / 51.033; 13.733 (12 Dresden) |
13 | ![]() | ![]() | 535,932 | 532,163 | +0.71% | ![]() | 204.0 km2 78.8 sq mi | 2,627/km2 6,800/sq mi | 52°22′N 9°43′E / 52.367°N 9.717°E / 52.367; 9.717 (13 Hanover) |
14 | ![]() | ![]() | 510,632 | 509,975 | +0.13% | ![]() | 186.5 km2 72.0 sq mi | 2,739/km2 7,090/sq mi | 49°27′N 11°5′E / 49.450°N 11.083°E / 49.450; 11.083 (14 Nuremberg) |
15 | ![]() | ![]() | 495,152 | 491,231 | +0.80% | ![]() | 232.8 km2 89.9 sq mi | 2,127/km2 5,510/sq mi | 51°26′N 6°46′E / 51.433°N 6.767°E / 51.433; 6.767 (15 Duisburg) |
16 | ![]() | ![]() | 363,441 | 364,742 | −0.36% | ![]() | 145.4 km2 56.1 sq mi | 2,500/km2 6,500/sq mi | 51°29′N 7°13′E / 51.483°N 7.217°E / 51.483; 7.217 (16 Bochum) |
17 | ![]() | ![]() | 354,572 | 350,046 | +1.29% | ![]() | 168.4 km2 65.0 sq mi | 2,105/km2 5,450/sq mi | 51°16′N 7°11′E / 51.267°N 7.183°E / 51.267; 7.183 (17 Wuppertal) |
18 | ![]() | ![]() | 334,002 | 333,090 | +0.27% | ![]() | 257.8 km2 99.5 sq mi | 1,296/km2 3,360/sq mi | 52°1′N 8°32′E / 52.017°N 8.533°E / 52.017; 8.533 (18 Bielefeld) |
19 | ![]() | ![]() | 331,885 | 318,809 | +4.10% | ![]() | 141.1 km2 54.5 sq mi | 2,353/km2 6,090/sq mi | 50°44′N 7°6′E / 50.733°N 7.100°E / 50.733; 7.100 (19 Bonn) |
20 | ![]() | ![]() | 317,713 | 310,039 | +2.48% | ![]() | 302.9 km2 117.0 sq mi | 1,049/km2 2,720/sq mi | 51°58′N 7°38′E / 51.967°N 7.633°E / 51.967; 7.633 (20 Münster) |
21 | ![]() | ![]() | 311,831 | 305,780 | +1.98% | ![]() | 145.0 km2 56.0 sq mi | 2,151/km2 5,570/sq mi | 49°29′N 8°28′E / 49.483°N 8.467°E / 49.483; 8.467 (21 Mannheim) |
22 | ![]() | ![]() | 306,502 | 307,755 | −0.41% | ![]() | 173.5 km2 67.0 sq mi | 1,767/km2 4,580/sq mi | 49°0′N 8°24′E / 49.000°N 8.400°E / 49.000; 8.400 (22 Karlsruhe) |
23 | ![]() | ![]() | 296,478 | 286,374 | +3.53% | ![]() | 146.8 km2 56.7 sq mi | 2,019/km2 5,230/sq mi | 48°22′N 10°54′E / 48.367°N 10.900°E / 48.367; 10.900 (23 Augsburg) |
24 | ![]() | ![]() | 278,950 | 276,218 | +0.99% | ![]() | 203.9 km2 78.7 sq mi | 1,368/km2 3,540/sq mi | 50°5′N 8°14′E / 50.083°N 8.233°E / 50.083; 8.233 (24 Wiesbaden) |
25 | ![]() | ![]() | 261,001 | 259,996 | +0.39% | ![]() | 170.4 km2 65.8 sq mi | 1,531/km2 3,970/sq mi | 51°12′N 6°26′E / 51.200°N 6.433°E / 51.200; 6.433 (25 Mönchengladbach) |
26 | ![]() | ![]() | 260,126 | 260,368 | −0.09% | ![]() | 104.8 km2 40.5 sq mi | 2,481/km2 6,430/sq mi | 51°31′N 7°6′E / 51.517°N 7.100°E / 51.517; 7.100 (26 Gelsenkirchen) |
27 | ![]() | ![]() | 249,070 | 245,885 | +1.30% | ![]() | 160.85 km2 62.10 sq mi | 1,548/km2 4,010/sq mi | 50°47′N 6°5′E / 50.783°N 6.083°E / 50.783; 6.083 (27 Aachen) |
28 | ![]() | ![]() | 248,823 | 251,364 | −1.01% | ![]() | 192.1 km2 74.2 sq mi | 1,295/km2 3,350/sq mi | 52°16′N 10°31′E / 52.267°N 10.517°E / 52.267; 10.517 (28 Braunschweig) |
29 | ![]() | ![]() | 246,243 | 246,306 | −0.03% | ![]() | 118.6 km2 45.8 sq mi | 2,076/km2 5,380/sq mi | 54°20′N 10°8′E / 54.333°N 10.133°E / 54.333; 10.133 (29 Kiel) |
30 | ![]() | ![]() | 243,105 | 248,645 | −2.23% | ![]() | 220.85 km2 85.27 sq mi | 1,101/km2 2,850/sq mi | 50°50′N 12°55′E / 50.833°N 12.917°E / 50.833; 12.917 (30 Chemnitz) |
31 | ![]() | ![]() | 238,061 | 236,991 | +0.45% | ![]() | 135.0 km2 52.1 sq mi | 1,763/km2 4,570/sq mi | 51°29′N 11°58′E / 51.483°N 11.967°E / 51.483; 11.967 (31 Halle (Saale)) |
32 | ![]() | ![]() | 236,188 | 235,723 | +0.20% | ![]() | 201.0 km2 77.6 sq mi | 1,175/km2 3,040/sq mi | 52°8′N 11°37′E / 52.133°N 11.617°E / 52.133; 11.617 (32 Magdeburg) |
33 | ![]() | ![]() | 231,848 | 226,393 | +2.41% | ![]() | 153.1 km2 59.1 sq mi | 1,514/km2 3,920/sq mi | 47°59′N 7°51′E / 47.983°N 7.850°E / 47.983; 7.850 (33 Freiburg im Breisgau) |
34 | ![]() | ![]() | 227,050 | 225,144 | +0.85% | ![]() | 137.7 km2 53.2 sq mi | 1,649/km2 4,270/sq mi | 51°20′N 6°34′E / 51.333°N 6.567°E / 51.333; 6.567 (34 Krefeld) |
35 | ![]() | ![]() | 217,556 | 209,779 | +3.71% | ![]() | 97.7 km2 37.7 sq mi | 2,226/km2 5,770/sq mi | 50°0′N 8°16′E / 50.000°N 8.267°E / 50.000; 8.267 (35 Mainz) |
36 | ![]() | ![]() | 216,277 | 216,253 | +0.01% | ![]() | 214.1 km2 82.7 sq mi | 1,010/km2 2,600/sq mi | 53°52′N 10°41′E / 53.867°N 10.683°E / 53.867; 10.683 (36 Lübeck) |
37 | ![]() | ![]() | 213,227 | 210,118 | +1.48% | ![]() | 269.2 km2 103.9 sq mi | 792/km2 2,050/sq mi | 50°59′N 11°2′E / 50.983°N 11.033°E / 50.983; 11.033 (37 Erfurt) |
38 | ![]() | ![]() | 208,752 | 210,934 | −1.03% | ![]() | 77.0 km2 29.7 sq mi | 2,710/km2 7,000/sq mi | 51°28′N 6°51′E / 51.467°N 6.850°E / 51.467; 6.850 (38 Oberhausen) |
39 | ![]() | ![]() | 208,400 | 206,011 | +1.16% | ![]() | 181.4 km2 70.0 sq mi | 1,149/km2 2,980/sq mi | 54°5′N 12°8′E / 54.083°N 12.133°E / 54.083; 12.133 (39 Rostock) |
40 | ![]() | ![]() | 200,406 | 197,984 | +1.22% | ![]() | 107.0 km2 41.3 sq mi | 1,873/km2 4,850/sq mi | 51°19′N 9°30′E / 51.317°N 9.500°E / 51.317; 9.500 (40 Kassel) |
41 | ![]() | ![]() | 188,713 | 189,044 | −0.18% | ![]() | 160.4 km2 61.9 sq mi | 1,177/km2 3,050/sq mi | 51°22′N 7°29′E / 51.367°N 7.483°E / 51.367; 7.483 (41 Hagen) |
42 | ![]() | ![]() | 183,154 | 167,745 | +9.19% | ![]() | 187.3 km2 72.3 sq mi | 978/km2 2,530/sq mi | 52°24′N 13°4′E / 52.400°N 13.067°E / 52.400; 13.067 (42 Potsdam) |
43 | ![]() | ![]() | 179,634 | 178,151 | +0.83% | ![]() | 167.1 km2 64.5 sq mi | 1,075/km2 2,780/sq mi | 49°14′N 7°0′E / 49.233°N 7.000°E / 49.233; 7.000 (43 Saarbrücken) |
44 | ![]() | ![]() | 179,238 | 179,397 | −0.09% | ![]() | 226.3 km2 87.4 sq mi | 792/km2 2,050/sq mi | 51°41′N 7°49′E / 51.683°N 7.817°E / 51.683; 7.817 (44 Hamm) |
45 | ![]() | ![]() | 172,145 | 164,718 | +4.51% | ![]() | 77.7 km2 30.0 sq mi | 2,216/km2 5,740/sq mi | 49°29′N 8°26′E / 49.483°N 8.433°E / 49.483; 8.433 (45 Ludwigshafen) |
46 | ![]() | ![]() | 170,739 | 169,278 | +0.86% | ![]() | 91.3 km2 35.3 sq mi | 1,871/km2 4,850/sq mi | 51°26′N 6°53′E / 51.433°N 6.883°E / 51.433; 6.883 (46 Mülheim) |
47 | ![]() | ![]() | 170,389 | 163,830 | +4.00% | ![]() | 103.0 km2 39.8 sq mi | 1,655/km2 4,290/sq mi | 53°8′N 8°13′E / 53.133°N 8.217°E / 53.133; 8.217 (47 Oldenburg) |
48 | ![]() | ![]() | 165,034 | 162,403 | +1.62% | ![]() | 119.8 km2 46.3 sq mi | 1,378/km2 3,570/sq mi | 52°17′N 8°3′E / 52.283°N 8.050°E / 52.283; 8.050 (48 Osnabrück) |
49 | ![]() | ![]() | 163,851 | 163,487 | +0.22% | ![]() | 78.9 km2 30.5 sq mi | 2,078/km2 5,380/sq mi | 51°2′N 6°59′E / 51.033°N 6.983°E / 51.033; 6.983 (49 Leverkusen) |
50 | ![]() | ![]() | 159,631 | 155,353 | +2.75% | ![]() | 122.2 km2 47.2 sq mi | 1,306/km2 3,380/sq mi | 49°52′N 8°39′E / 49.867°N 8.650°E / 49.867; 8.650 (50 Darmstadt) |
51 | ![]() | ![]() | 159,245 | 156,267 | +1.91% | ![]() | 108.8 km2 42.0 sq mi | 1,463/km2 3,790/sq mi | 49°25′N 8°43′E / 49.417°N 8.717°E / 49.417; 8.717 (51 Heidelberg) |
52 | ![]() | ![]() | 158,957 | 158,726 | +0.15% | ![]() | 89.5 km2 34.6 sq mi | 1,777/km2 4,600/sq mi | 51°10′N 7°5′E / 51.167°N 7.083°E / 51.167; 7.083 (52 Solingen) |
53 | ![]() | ![]() | 156,621 | 155,851 | +0.49% | ![]() | 51.4 km2 19.8 sq mi | 3,047/km2 7,890/sq mi | 51°33′N 7°13′E / 51.550°N 7.217°E / 51.550; 7.217 (53 Herne) |
54 | ![]() | ![]() | 153,542 | 145,465 | +5.55% | ![]() | 80.8 km2 31.2 sq mi | 1,901/km2 4,920/sq mi | 49°1′N 12°5′E / 49.017°N 12.083°E / 49.017; 12.083 (54 Regensburg) |
55 | ![]() | ![]() | 152,731 | 155,414 | −1.73% | ![]() | 99.5 km2 38.4 sq mi | 1,535/km2 3,980/sq mi | 51°12′N 6°42′E / 51.200°N 6.700°E / 51.200; 6.700 (55 Neuss) |
56 | ![]() | ![]() | 152,531 | 148,126 | +2.97% | ![]() | 179.4 km2 69.3 sq mi | 850/km2 2,200/sq mi | 51°43′N 8°46′E / 51.717°N 8.767°E / 51.717; 8.767 (56 Paderborn) |
57 | ![]() | ![]() | 138,016 | 132,438 | +4.21% | ![]() | 133.4 km2 51.5 sq mi | 1,035/km2 2,680/sq mi | 48°46′N 11°26′E / 48.767°N 11.433°E / 48.767; 11.433 (57 Ingolstadt) |
58 | ![]() | ![]() | 131,295 | 123,734 | +6.11% | ![]() | 44.9 km2 17.3 sq mi | 2,924/km2 7,570/sq mi | 50°6′N 8°48′E / 50.100°N 8.800°E / 50.100; 8.800 (58 Offenbach am Main) |
59 | ![]() | ![]() | 129,122 | 124,171 | +3.99% | ![]() | 63.4 km2 24.5 sq mi | 2,038/km2 5,280/sq mi | 49°28′N 11°0′E / 49.467°N 11.000°E / 49.467; 11.000 (59 Fürth) |
60 | ![]() | ![]() | 126,949 | 122,636 | +3.52% | ![]() | 118.7 km2 45.8 sq mi | 1,070/km2 2,800/sq mi | 48°24′N 9°59′E / 48.400°N 9.983°E / 48.400; 9.983 (60 Ulm) |
61 | ![]() | ![]() | 126,933 | 124,873 | +1.65% | ![]() | 87.6 km2 33.8 sq mi | 1,449/km2 3,750/sq mi | 49°47′N 9°56′E / 49.783°N 9.933°E / 49.783; 9.933 (61 Würzburg) |
62 | ![]() | ![]() | 125,613 | 122,567 | +2.49% | ![]() | 99.9 km2 38.6 sq mi | 1,258/km2 3,260/sq mi | 49°9′N 9°13′E / 49.150°N 9.217°E / 49.150; 9.217 (62 Heilbronn) |
63 | ![]() | ![]() | 125,529 | 122,247 | +2.68% | ![]() | 98.0 km2 37.8 sq mi | 1,281/km2 3,320/sq mi | 48°54′N 8°43′E / 48.900°N 8.717°E / 48.900; 8.717 (63 Pforzheim) |
64 | ![]() | ![]() | 123,949 | 124,045 | −0.08% | ![]() | 204.0 km2 78.8 sq mi | 608/km2 1,570/sq mi | 52°25′23″N 10°47′14″E / 52.42306°N 10.78722°E / 52.42306; 10.78722 (64 Wolfsburg) |
65 | ![]() | ![]() | 117,311 | 117,143 | +0.14% | ![]() | 100.7 km2 38.9 sq mi | 1,165/km2 3,020/sq mi | 51°31′29″N 6°55′22″E / 51.52472°N 6.92278°E / 51.52472; 6.92278 (65 Bottrop) |
66 | ![]() | ![]() | 116,557 | 118,914 | −1.98% | ![]() | 116.9 km2 45.1 sq mi | 997/km2 2,580/sq mi | 51°32′N 9°56′E / 51.533°N 9.933°E / 51.533; 9.933 (66 Göttingen) |
67 | ![]() | ![]() | 116,456 | 114,310 | +1.88% | ![]() | 87.1 km2 33.6 sq mi | 1,338/km2 3,470/sq mi | 48°29′N 9°13′E / 48.483°N 9.217°E / 48.483; 9.217 (67 Reutlingen) |
68 | ![]() | ![]() | 113,638 | 112,586 | +0.93% | ![]() | 105.0 km2 40.5 sq mi | 1,082/km2 2,800/sq mi | 50°21′35″N 7°35′52″E / 50.35972°N 7.59778°E / 50.35972; 7.59778 (68 Koblenz) |
69 | ![]() | ![]() | 113,292 | 108,336 | +4.57% | ![]() | 77.0 km2 29.7 sq mi | 1,472/km2 3,810/sq mi | 49°35′N 11°1′E / 49.583°N 11.017°E / 49.583; 11.017 (69 Erlangen) |
70 | ![]() | ![]() | 113,173 | 114,025 | −0.75% | ![]() | 93.8 km2 36.2 sq mi | 1,206/km2 3,120/sq mi | 53°33′N 8°35′E / 53.550°N 8.583°E / 53.550; 8.583 (70 Bremerhaven) |
71 | ![]() | ![]() | 111,770 | 109,499 | +2.07% | ![]() | 74.6 km2 28.8 sq mi | 1,498/km2 3,880/sq mi | 51°11′N 7°12′E / 51.183°N 7.200°E / 51.183; 7.200 (71 Remscheid) |
72 | ![]() | ![]() | 111,645 | 111,366 | +0.25% | ![]() | 83.1 km2 32.1 sq mi | 1,343/km2 3,480/sq mi | 51°0′N 7°7′E / 51.000°N 7.117°E / 51.000; 7.117 (72 Bergisch Gladbach) |
73 | ![]() | ![]() | 110,714 | 114,330 | −3.16% | ![]() | 66.4 km2 25.6 sq mi | 1,667/km2 4,320/sq mi | 51°35′6″N 7°9′43″E / 51.58500°N 7.16194°E / 51.58500; 7.16194 (73 Recklinghausen) |
74 | ![]() | ![]() | 110,570 | 114,914 | −3.78% | ![]() | 117.1 km2 45.2 sq mi | 945/km2 2,450/sq mi | 49°45′N 6°38′E / 49.750°N 6.633°E / 49.750; 6.633 (74 Trier) |
75 | ![]() | ![]() | 110,502 | 109,527 | +0.89% | ![]() | 114.8 km2 44.3 sq mi | 963/km2 2,490/sq mi | 50°55′38″N 11°35′10″E / 50.92722°N 11.58611°E / 50.92722; 11.58611 (75 Jena) |
76 | ![]() | ![]() | 103,725 | 104,529 | −0.77% | ![]() | 67.7 km2 26.1 sq mi | 1,533/km2 3,970/sq mi | 51°27′33″N 6°37′11″E / 51.45917°N 6.61972°E / 51.45917; 6.61972 (76 Moers) |
77 | ![]() | ![]() | 103,694 | 101,079 | +2.59% | ![]() | 223.9 km2 86.4 sq mi | 463/km2 1,200/sq mi | 52°9′N 10°20′E / 52.150°N 10.333°E / 52.150; 10.333 (77 Salzgitter) |
78 | ![]() | ![]() | 101,516 | 102,355 | −0.82% | ![]() | 114.7 km2 44.3 sq mi | 885/km2 2,290/sq mi | 50°53′N 8°1′E / 50.883°N 8.017°E / 50.883; 8.017 (78 Siegen) |
79 | ![]() | ![]() | 101,158 | 97,586 | +3.66% | ![]() | 112.0 km2 43.2 sq mi | 896/km2 2,320/sq mi | 51°54′N 8°23′E / 51.900°N 8.383°E / 51.900; 8.383 (79 Gütersloh) |
80 | ![]() | ![]() | 100,319 | 101,667 | −1.33% | ![]() | 92.2 km2 35.6 sq mi | 1,088/km2 2,820/sq mi | 52°9′N 9°57′E / 52.150°N 9.950°E / 52.150; 9.950 (80 Hildesheim) |
Gallery
See also
- List of cities and towns in Germany
- List of towns and cities in Germany by historical population
- List of municipalities in Germany
- Metropolitan regions in Germany
References
- ^ "Laufende Stadtbeobachtung – Raumabgrenzungen" (in German). Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ "Homepage".
- ^ "Bevölkerung nach Geschlecht für Kreise und kreisfreie Städte" (XLS) (in German). Wiesbaden: Federal Statistical Office of Germany. 10 April 2014.
- ^ a b "Städte in Deutschland nach Fläche und Bevölkerung auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 und Bevölkerungsdichte: Gebietsstand 31.12.2015" (XLS) (in German). Wiesbaden: Federal Statistical Office of Germany. 13 December 2016.
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