Mahmud Shah III of Johor
Mahmud Shah III محمود شاه | |
---|---|
Sultan of Johor | |
Reign | 1770–1811 |
Predecessor | Ahmad Riayat Shah |
Successor | Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah |
Born | 24 March 1756 Hulu Riau |
Died | 1811 (aged 55) Daik, Lingga |
Issue | Hussein Shah of Johor Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of Johor |
House | Bendahara dynasty |
Father | Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Mahmud Ri’ayat Shah Zilu’llah fil’Alam Khalifat ul-Muminin ibni al-Marhum Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil Shah (Malay: محمود رعایت شاه ظلالله فلعالم خلیفت المؤمن ابن المرحوم سلطان عبدالجلیل شاه, 24 March 1756 – 1811) was the 17th Sultan of Johor and Johor's dependencies who reigned from 1770 to 1811. Exercising little power over the sultanate where actual power was held under the Bugis court faction, the Tuhfat al-Nafis nevertheless mentions him as an able statesman who did what he could against insurmountable odds, while Abdullah Abdul Kadir attests to his good character.[1]
Early life
Born on 24 March 1756, Mahmud Shah III was the younger son of the 13th Sultan of Johor, Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah by his second wife, Tengku Puteh binti Daeng Chelak.[citation needed] To maintain their de facto control of the Johor Empire, the Bugis continued to install puppet rulers on the throne, including the infant grandson of Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah, Mahmud Shah III,[2] who became Sultan on the death of his elder brother, Ahmad Riayat Shah in 1770.[citation needed]
Treaty with the Dutch
During the early part of his reign, the office of Yamtuan Muda was held by the powerful Bugis chief, Daeng Kemboja. Mahmud Shah III came of age at a time when Bugis-Dutch trade rivalry was intensifying. He exploited the rivalry by concluding a treaty of protection with Dutch East India Company on board the Utrecht[2] on 10 November 1784 in which he was accorded the style of 'Most Serene Prince' (Doorlugtigen Vorst).[citation needed]
The treaty called for the end of the Bugis monopoly over the office of Yamtuan Muda and prohibited other Bugis from holding office within Johor's administration. It also demanded the expulsion of all Bugis not born or bred in Riau. Additionally, the treaty allowed the Dutch to post a Resident in Johor. Shortly thereafter. Mahmud Shah III retreated to Pahang. All-out conflict soon erupted between the Dutch and the Bugis. Hostilities between the two powers continued until 1795, when the Dutch succeeded in ousting the Bugis chief, Raja Ali from Riau, allowing Mahmud Shah III to return to his capital.[2]
Return of the Bugis dominance
The same year, the Netherlands came under French occupation and the Dutch allowed the British to temporarily take over their territories in the Malay world. This enabled Raja Ali to make a comeback. After the Bugis ousted Tengku Muda, the Malay Yamtuan Muda of Johor, Mahmud Shah III had no choice but to accept Raja Ali's return in 1803. To appease both the Bugis and Tengku Muda, the Sultan married his son, Tengku Hussein, to Tengku Muda's daughter, while his other son, Tengku Abdul Rahman, was made Raja Ali's ward. To maintain his distance from the Bugis, Mahmud Shah III established his capital at Daik, Lingga.[2]
Dissolution of Johor
By the early 19th century, Pahang and Riau-Lingga began to break away from Johor. Based in Lingga, Mahmud Shah III exercised little power over the Johor Sultanate. This enabled the emergence of a number of powerful chiefs from the same family, such as Temenggong Abdul Rahman (great great grandson of Abdul Jalil Shah IV, second cousins once removed to Mahmud Shah III) and Tun Abdul Majid (grandson of Abdul Jalil Shah IV and first cousins once removed to Mahmud Shah III). Installed in 1806, the Temenggong had de facto control over Johor mainland, Singapore and the islands in the Riau Archipelago.[3] While in Pahang, Bendahara Tun Abdul Majid became increasingly independent and began carrying the title 'Raja Bendahara' ('King Grand Vizier') of the dominion, following the weakening control from the capital.[4]
This development had resulted in the sultanate's constituent parts effectively became principalities, and the cultural unity that had existed between the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Riau-Lingga was gradually destroyed.[4]
Death
Mahmud Shah III died at Fort Tanna, Bukit Chengah, Lingga on 12 January 1811 and was buried at Masjid Jamie', Daik, Lingga. He died without having named a successor.[1]
A succession dispute arose between his sons which later ended when the Bugis seized the throne for his younger son, Tengku Abdul Rahman and crowned him in Riau as the next sultan.[3]
References
- ^ a b Trocki, Carl A. (2007). Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885. NUS Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-9971-69-376-3.
- ^ a b c d Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 71
- ^ a b Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 72
- ^ a b Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid 2011, p. 82
Bibliography
Mahmud Shah III of Johor Bendahara dynasty Born: 1756 Died: 1811 | ||
Regnal titles | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by | Sultan of Johor 1770-1811 | Succeeded by |
- Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), The Encyclopedia of Malaysia, vol. 16 - The Rulers of Malaysia, Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-3018-54-9
- v
- t
- e
- Abdoel Kahar Moezakir
- Abdul Halim Majalengka
- Abdurrahman Baswedan
- Achmad Soebardjo
- Adam Malik
- Adnan Kapau Gani
- Alexander Andries Maramis
- Andi Djemma
- Andi Sultan Daeng Radja
- Arie Frederik Lasut
- Arnold Mononutu
- Bagindo Azizchan
- B.W. Lapian
- Tjilik Riwut
- Djoeanda Kartawidjaja
- Ernest Douwes Dekker
- Ferdinand Lumbantobing
- Gatot Mangkoepradja
- Hamengkubuwono IX
- Hazairin
- Idham Chalid
- Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung
- Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono
- I Gusti Ketut Pudja
- Iwa Koesoemasoemantri
- Izaak Huru Doko
- Johannes Leimena
- Kasman Singodimedjo
- Kusumah Atmaja
- Lambertus Nicodemus Palar
- Maskoen Soemadiredja
- Masjkur
- Mohammad Hatta
- Mohammad Husni Thamrin
- Mohammad Natsir
- Moewardi
- Nani Wartabone
- Opu Daeng Risaju
- Oto Iskandar di Nata
- P. M. Noor
- Rajiman Wediodiningrat
- Rasuna Said
- Sahardjo
- Sam Ratulangi
- Samanhudi
- Soekarni
- Sukarno
- Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
- Supeno
- Soepomo
- Soeroso
- Ario Soerjo
- Soerjopranoto
- Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution
- Sutan Sjahrir
- Sjafruddin Prawiranegara
- Tan Malaka
- Teuku Muhammad Hasan
- Teuku Nyak Arif
- Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto
- Wahid Hasyim
- Zainul Arifin
- Abdul Haris Nasution
- Abdul Rahman Saleh
- Adisucipto
- Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe
- Basuki Rahmat
- Djamin Ginting
- Djatikoesoemo
- Gatot Soebroto
- Halim Perdanakusuma
- Harun Thohir
- Hasan Basry
- Iswahyudi
- I Gusti Ngurah Rai
- John Lie
- Keumalahayati
- R. E. Martadinata
- Mas Isman
- Moestopo
- Muhammad Mangundiprojo
- Muhammad Yasin
- Noer Alie
- Oerip Soemohardjo
- Slamet Rijadi
- Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo
- Sudirman
- Supriyadi
- Sutomo (Bung Tomo)
- Syam'un
- T. B. Simatupang
- Usman Janatin
- Robert Wolter Mongisidi
- Yos Sudarso
- Abdul Kadir
- Achmad Rifa'i
- Ageng Tirtayasa
- Andi Depu
- Andi Mappanyukki
- Aria Wangsakara
- Prince Antasari
- Sultan Agung
- Sultan Babullah
- Teungku Chik di Tiro
- Cut Nyak Dhien
- Cut Nyak Meutia
- Diponegoro
- Raja Haji Fisabilillah
- Hamengkubuwono I
- Hasanuddin
- Tuanku Imam Bonjol
- Iskandar Muda
- I Gusti Ketut Jelantik
- I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung
- Kiras Bangun
- La Maddukelleng
- Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan
- Mahmud Badaruddin II
- Mahmud Shah III of Johor
- Mangkunegara I
- Martha Christina Tiahahu
- Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin
- Nyi Ageng Serang
- Pakubuwono VI
- Pakubuwono X
- Pattimura
- Pong Tiku
- Raden Mattaher
- Radin Inten II
- Ranggong Daeng Romo
- Sisingamangaraja XII
- Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati
- Tuanku Tambusai
- Teuku Umar
- Thaha Syaifuddin
- Untung Surapati
- Zainal Mustafa