Motor vehicle type approval

EU method for vehicle type approval

Motor vehicle type approval is the method by which motor vehicles, vehicle trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles achieve type approval in the European Union (EU) or in other UN-ECE member states. There is no EU approval body: authorized approval bodies of member states are responsible for type approval, which will be accepted in all member states.

History

Approval schemes for new motor vehicles and their trailers in the European Union are outlined in framework directive 2007/46/EC:[1][2]

  • European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval (ECWVTA) currently applies to passenger cars and motorcycles. On 29 October 2012, ECWVTA was extended to cover all new road vehicles and their trailers.[3]
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) regulations.
  • National Small Series Type Approval (NSSTA) – the key advantages of this scheme are that some technical requirements may be reduced in comparison with ECWVTA; however, the number of vehicles that can be manufactured are limited.
  • Individual Vehicle Approval (IVA).

The European Commission can adopt amendments to this Directive which are necessary to lay down technical requirements for small series vehicles, vehicles approved under the individual approval procedure and 'special purpose vehicles'.[1]

UNECE Regulations are part of the EC type-approval of a vehicle in the same way as the separate directives or regulations. They may be applied on a compulsory basis in accordance with Article 4(4) of Decision 97/836/EC[4] by amending the relevant annexes to the Framework Directive.[1]

Automotive EC Directives and ECE Regulations require third party approval – testing, certification and production conformity assessment by an independent body. Each member state is required to appoint an Approval Authority to issue the approvals, and a Technical Service to carry out the testing to the Directives and Regulations.

An approval issued by one Authority will be accepted in all the Member States.[5] If a vehicle is produced in a very small quantity (e.g. M1 maximum 75 per year), single EU Member States can grant exception on a discretionary basis, but the validity of the type approval is limited to the boundaries of those nations which concede to it.[6]

Cornerstones of the type approval process are:[6]

  • Application by the vehicle or component manufacturer
  • Testing by a technical service
  • Granting of the approval by an approval authority
  • Conformity of Production by the manufacturer in agreement with the approval authority
  • Certificate of Conformity by the manufacturer for the end-user

A particular country’s type approval may consist of one or more of the following forms:

  • Component type approval – approval of a component that may be fitted to any vehicle (e.g., seat belts, tires, lamps)
  • System type approval – approval of a set of components or a performance feature of a vehicle that can only be tested and certified in an installed condition (e.g., restraint system, brake system, lighting system)
  • Whole vehicle type approval (WVTA) – approval of a vehicle in its entirety[7]

There are multiple methods of type-approval:[1]

  • multi-stage type approval: a procedure whereby one or more Member States certify that, depending on the state of completion, an incomplete or completed type of vehicle satisfies the relevant administrative provisions and technical requirements of the Directive
  • step-by-step type approval: a vehicle approval procedure consisting in the step-by-step collection of the whole set of EC type-approval certificates for the systems, components and separate technical units relating to the vehicle, and which leads, at the final stage, to the approval of the whole vehicle
    • mixed type approval: a step-by-step type approval procedure for which one or more system approvals are achieved during the final stage of the approval of the whole vehicle, without it being necessary to issue the EC type approval certificates for those systems
  • single-step type approval: a procedure consisting in the approval of a vehicle as a whole by means of a single operation

EC Whole Vehicle Type Approval (also called Pan European Type Approval) is intended to prevent trade barriers, and at the same time guarantee the level of safety and restricted environmental influence of a vehicle. Thanks to that, the car can be registered in each European member state without additional national tests or approval. This harmonisation results in reduced costs and lead time for the manufacturer, importer as well as the consumer. Mandatory compliance date for ECWVTA for M1 vehicles was 29 April 2009.[citation needed] However cars that already have an ECWVTA but are imported from non-EC countries often need to be re-approved when entering the EC.[8]

In the United Kingdom, this function is performed by the Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA).[9] This body has the power to issue International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certifications. Following Brexit, EU regulations relating to type approval continue to apply in the UK as retained EU law, but UK type approvals are no longer automatically recognized in the EC.

COC number

Following type approval, a vehicle is issued with a Certificate of Conformity which includes a COC number. This number may look like: e13*2001/116*0260 where e13 is the UNECE state number (in this case Luxembourg), 2001/116 is the EC/EU directive name.[10]

Electric vehicles

Type approval for electric vehicles is governed by Regulation No 100 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UNECE) – Uniform provisions concerning the approval of battery electric vehicles with regard to specific requirements for the construction, functional safety and hydrogen emission.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 September 2007 establishing a framework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles (Framework Directive) Text with EEA relevance". EUR-Lex. Publications Office of the European Union. 9 October 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  2. ^ "Motor Vehicle Approval Schemes". National Standards Authority of Ireland. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  3. ^ "EC Whole Vehicle Type Approval – Introduction". UK Vehicle Certification Agency, Department for Transport. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  4. ^ "97/836/EC: Council Decision of 27 November 1997 with a view to accession by the European Community to the Agreement of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted to and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions ('Revised 1958 Agreement')". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  5. ^ "Type Approval for Cars". www.vca.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  6. ^ a b [1][dead link]
  7. ^ Martins, Henrique Resaffa Nogueira. "Overview of Type Approval Homologation and Self-Certification". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.31708.39041. Accessed 24 January 2021.
  8. ^ "Homologation". ContainerSharing.org. International Car Bridge FZE. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  9. ^ "Vehicle Type Approval through VCA worldwide". VCA. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  10. ^ "Certificate of Conformity (COC) for European Whole Type Approved vehicles".
  11. ^ "EUR-Lex - 42009X0214(01) - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  • Importation and Certification FAQ’s (United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
  • Vehicle type-approval in the European Union. Other Commission pages on motor vehicles:
    • Competition
    • Air Quality
    • Transport.
  • Technical harmonisation for motor vehicles (European Union legislation)
  • Type Approval for road going vehicles in the European Community Archived 22 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  • Vehicle Certification in Australia, Road Vehicle Certification System (RVCS).
  • "Motor Vehicle Aftermarket Retrofit Device Evaluation Program" (PDF). (38.8 KB) (Japan U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
  • Vehicle Import
  • Resaffa Nogueira Martins, Henrique. Overview of Type Approval Homologation and Self Certification. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31708.39041