Reconstructed proto-language of the Munda languages of South Asia
Proto-Munda |
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Reconstruction of | Munda languages |
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Reconstructed ancestor | Proto-Austroasiatic |
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Proto-Munda is the reconstructed proto-language of the Munda languages of South Asia. It has been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015). According to Sidwell, the Proto-Munda language split from Proto- Austroasiatic in Indochina and arrived on the coast of Odisha around 4000 – 3500 years ago.[1]
Reconstruction
The following Proto-Munda lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363).[2] Two asterisks are given to denote the tentative, preliminary state of the proto-language reconstruction.
Gloss | Proto-Munda |
belly | **(sə)laɟ |
big | **məraŋ |
to bite | **kaˀp |
black | **kE(n)dE |
blood | **məjam |
bone | **ɟaːˀŋ |
to burn (vt.) | **gEˀp |
claw/nail | **rəmAj |
cloud | **tərIˀp |
cold | **raŋ |
die (of a person) | **gOˀj |
dog | **sOˀt |
to drink (water) | **uˀt, **uˀk |
dry (adj./stat.) | **(ə)sAr |
ear | **lutur, **luˀt |
earth/soil | **ʔOte |
to eat | **ɟOm |
egg | **(ə)tAˀp |
eye | **maˀt |
fat/grease/oil | **sunum |
feather | **bəlEˀt |
fire | **səŋal |
fish (n.) | **ka, **kadO(ŋ) |
fly (v.) | **pEr |
foot | **ɟəːˀŋ |
give | **ʔam |
hair (of head) | **suˀk |
hand | **tiːˀ |
to hear/listen | **ajɔm |
heart, liver | **(gə)rE, **ʔim |
horn | **dəraŋ |
I | **(n)iɲ |
to kill | **(bə)ɡOˀɟ |
leaf | **Olaːˀ |
to lie (down) | **gətiˀc |
long | **ɟəlƏŋ |
louse (head) | **siːˀ |
man/husband, person/human | **kOrOˀ |
meat/flesh | **ɟəlU(Uˀ) |
moon | **harkE, **aŋaj |
mountain/hill | **bəru(uˀ) |
mouth | **təmOˀt |
name | **ɲUm |
neck | **kO, **gOˀk |
new | **təmI |
night | **(m)ədiˀp |
nose | **muːˀ |
not | **əˀt |
one | **mOOˀj |
rain | **gəma |
red | **ɟəŋAˀt |
road, path | **kOrA |
root (of a tree) | **rEˀt |
sand | **kEˀt |
see | **(n)El |
sit | **kO |
skin | **usal |
sleep | **gətiˀc |
smoke (n.) | **mOˀk |
to speak, say | **sun, **gam, **kaj |
to stand | **tənaŋ, **tƏŋgə |
stone | **bərƏl, **sərEŋ |
sun | **siŋi(iˀ) |
tail | **pata |
thigh | **buluuˀ |
that (dist.) | **han |
this (prox.) | **En |
thou/you | **(n)Am |
tongue | **laːˀŋ |
tooth | **gənE |
tree | **ɟiːˀ |
two | **baːˀr |
to walk, go | **sEn |
to weave | **ta(aˀ)ɲ |
water | **daːˀk |
woman/wife | **selA, **kəni |
yellow | **saŋsaŋ |
Proto-Munda reconstruction has since been revised and improved by Rau (2019).
See also
- Proto-Austroasiatic language
References
- ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018 Archived 2019-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.
- ^ Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
Austroasiatic languages
Bahnaric |
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North | - Jeh
- Halang
- Kayong
- Kaco’
- Takua
- Monom
- Todrah
- Sedang
- Bahnar
- Rengao
- Hrê
- Duan
- Katua
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West | |
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Central | |
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East | |
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West Katuic | |
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Ta'oihic | |
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Pacoh | |
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Katu | |
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Viet-Muong | |
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Cuoi | |
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Chứt | |
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Kri | |
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Phong–Liha | |
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Pear | |
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Western Pearic (Chong) | Central | |
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Western | |
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Northern | |
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Southern | |
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North | |
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South | Kharia | |
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Juang | |
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Sora-Gorum | |
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Gutob-Remo | |
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Gta’ | |
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- Italics indicate extinct languages
- Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
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