Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention
The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (日ソ基本条約, Nisso Kihon Jōyaku) was a treaty normalizing relations between the Empire of Japan and the Soviet Union that was signed on 20 January 1925.[1] Ratifications were exchanged in Beijing on February 26, 1925. The agreement was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on May 20, 1925.[2]
Background
Following the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, co-operative relations between Russia and Japan were gradually restored by four sets of treaties signed between 1907 and 1916. However, the collapse of the Romanov dynasty, followed by the Bolshevik Revolution and the Japanese Siberian Intervention created a strong distrust between Japan and the newly founded Soviet Union.
Signing
The treaty was signed by Lev Mikhailovich Karakhan of the Soviet Union and Kenkichi Yoshizawa of Japan on 20 January 1925.
Terms
Following a series of negotiations held in Beijing in 1924 and 1925, Japan agreed to extend diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union and to withdraw its troops from the northern half of Sakhalin island. In return, the Soviet Union agreed to honor the provisions of the Treaty of Portsmouth and to re-examine all other treaties between the former Russian Empire and Japan, including the Fishery Convention of 1907.[3] The Soviet Union granted the Empire of Japan "most favoured nation" status. In Article VI, Japan received the right to establish concessions for mineral, timber, and other natural resources.[3][4]: 17, 33
Aftermath
In January 1928, Gotō Shinpei visited the Soviet Union and negotiated for the continuation of Japanese fishing companies in Soviet waters and vice versa. Coal and oil companies, and the Imperial Japanese Navy, invested in northern Sakhalin, creating the grounds for concessions. They exported coal and petroleum to Japan, and imported equipment to the Soviet Union.[5]
The Soviet Union would later provide the Empire of Japan with formal oil and coal concessions in Soviet Sakhalin[6] that were expanded as late as 1939.[4]: 17, 33 and lasted until 1943.[7] After the deportation of Koreans to Central Asia, some two thousand Soviet Koreans (or more) remained on northern Sakhalin for the expressed purpose of working on the Soviet-Japanese concessions (ie. joint-ventures), refuting the stated rationale for the deportation of Koreans ("to prevent the infiltration of Japanese espionage").[8]
Notes
- ^ Slusser, Robert M.; Triska, Jan F. (1959). A Calendar of Soviet Treaties 1917-1957. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 49.
- ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 34, pp. 32-53.
- ^ a b Fisher, Raymond H.; Moore, Harriet L. (1946). "Soviet Far Eastern Policy, 1931-1945". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 5 (3): 175–179. doi:10.2307/2049056. ISSN 0363-6917. JSTOR 2049056. S2CID 165993799.
- ^ a b Chang, Jon K. "Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923-1937". Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal. 3.
- ^ Tomita, Takeshi (2019-05-23). Japanese-Russian Relations in the 1920s: Struggles between Anti-Soviet and Pro-Soviet Forces. Brill. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-90-04-40085-6.
- ^ TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK (1936-10-11). "Russia and Japan Agree". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1944, Europe, Volume IV - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ Chang, Jon K. "Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923-1937". Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal. 3.
External links
- Text of the convention
- v
- t
- e
(1854–1868)
- Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
- Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
- Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
- Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) [ja]
- Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
- Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) [ja]
- Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
- London Protocol (1862)
- Agreement of Paris (1864) [ja]
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
- Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
(1868–1912)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
- Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
- Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
- Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
- US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
- Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
- Convention of Tientsin (1885)
- Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
- Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
- Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
- Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
- Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895) [ja]
- Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) [ja]
- German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
- Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
- Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896) [ja]
- Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
- Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
- Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
- Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
- Boxer Protocol (1901)
- Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
- Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903) [ja]
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
- Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
- Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
- Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905) [ja]
- Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
- Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
- Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
- Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
- Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909) [ja]
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
- North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
(1913–1945)
- Japan-China Treaty of 1915
- Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
- Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
- Treaty of Versailles (1919)
- Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
- Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
- Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
- Svalbard Treaty (1920)
- Gongota Agreement of 1920
- Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
- Treaty of Trianon (1921)
- Four-Power Treaty (1921)
- Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
- Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922) [ja]
- Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
- Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
- Klaipėda Convention (1924)
- Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
- German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
- Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
- Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
- London Naval Treaty (1930)
- Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
- Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
- Tanggu Truce (1933)
- India-Japan Agreement of 1934
- Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935) [ja]
- He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
- Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
- Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
- Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
- Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
- Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
- India-Japan Agreement of 1937
- Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
- Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
- Tripartite Pact (1940)
- Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
- Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) [ja]
- Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
- Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
- Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941) [ja]
- Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
(1945–1989)
- Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
- Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
- Treaty of Taipei (1952)
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
- Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
- Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
- Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
- Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
- Tokyo Convention (1963)
- Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
- Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
- Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
- Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
- Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
- Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
- Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
- Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
(1989–)
- US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
- South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
- Kyoto Protocol (1997)
- Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
- Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
- American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)