Zaum
Zaum (Russian: за́умь, lit. 'transrational') are the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian Cubo-Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh. Zaum is a non-referential phonetic entity with its own ontology. The language consists of neologisms that mean nothing. Zaum is a language organized through phonetic analogy and rhythm.[1] Zaum literature cannot contain any onomatopoeia or psychopathological states.[2]
Usage
Aleksei Kruchenykh created Zaum in order to show that language was indefinite and indeterminate.[2]
Kruchenykh stated that when creating Zaum, he decided to forgo grammar and syntax rules. He wanted to convey the disorder of life by introducing disorder into the language. Kruchenykh considered Zaum to be the manifestation of a spontaneous non-codified language.[1]
Khlebnikov believed that the purpose of Zaum was to find the essential meaning of word roots in consonantal sounds. He believed such knowledge could help create a new universal language based on reason.[1]
Examples of zaum include Kruchenykh's poem "Dyr bul shchyl",[3] Kruchenykh's libretto for the Futurist opera Victory over the Sun with music by Mikhail Matyushin and stage design by Kazimir Malevich,[4] and Khlebnikov's so-called "language of the birds", "language of the gods" and "language of the stars".[5] The poetic output is perhaps comparable to that of the contemporary Dadaism but the linguistic theory or metaphysics behind zaum was entirely devoid of the gentle reflexive irony of that movement and in all seriousness intended to recover the sound symbolism of a lost aboriginal tongue.[6] Exhibiting traits of a Slavic national mysticism, Kruchenykh aimed at recovering the primeval Slavic mother-tongue in particular.
Kruchenykh would author many poems and mimeographed pamphlets written in Zaum. These pamphlets combine poetry, illustrations, and theory.[1]
In modern times, since 1962 Serge Segay was creating zaum poetry.[7] Rea Nikonova started creating zaum verses probably a bit later, around 1964.[8] Their zaum poetry can be seen e.g. in issues of the famous "Transponans" samizdat magazine.[9] In 1990, contemporary avant-garde poet Sergei Biriukov has founded an association of poets called the "Academy of Zaum" in Tambov.
The use of Zaum peaked from 1916 to 1920 during World War I. At this time, Zaumism took root as a movement primarily involved in visual arts, literature, poetry, art manifestoes, art theory, theatre, and graphic design,[10] and concentrated its anti war politic through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Zaum activities included public gatherings, demonstrations, and publications. The movement influenced later styles, Avant-garde and downtown music movements, and groups including surrealism, nouveau réalisme, Pop Art and Fluxus.[11]
Etymology and meaning
Coined by Kruchenykh in 1913,[12] the word zaum is made up of the Russian prefix за "beyond, behind" and noun ум "the mind, nous" and has been translated as "transreason", "transration" or "beyonsense."[13] According to scholar Gerald Janecek, zaum can be defined as experimental poetic language characterized by indeterminacy in meaning.[13]
Kruchenykh, in "Declaration of the Word as Such (1913)", declares zaum "a language which does not have any definite meaning, a transrational language" that "allows for fuller expression" whereas, he maintains, the common language of everyday speech "binds".[14] He further maintained, in "Declaration of Transrational Language (1921)", that zaum "can provide a universal poetic language, born organically, and not artificially, like Esperanto."[15]
Major zaumniks
- Velimir Khlebnikov[2]
- Aleksei Kruchenykh[2]
- Ilia Zdanevich[2]
- Igor Terentev[2]
- Aleksandr Tufanov[2]
- Kazimir Malevich[2]
- Olga Rozanova[2]
- Varvara Stepanova[2]
Notes
- ^ a b c d Terras, Victor (1985). Handbook of Russian Literature. London: Yale University Press. p. 530. ISBN 978-030-004-868-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kostelanetz, Richard (2013). A Dictionary of the Avant-Gardes. New York: Taylor&Francis. ISBN 978-113-680-619-3.
- ^ Janecek 1996, p. 49.
- ^ Janecek 1996, p. 111.
- ^ Janecek 1996, pp. 137–138.
- ^ Janecek 1996, p. 79.
- ^ Кузьминский К., Ковалёв Г. Антология новейшей русской поэзии у Голубой Лагуны. — Т. 5Б.
- ^ Жумати, Т. П. (1999). ""Уктусская школа" (1965-1974) : К истории уральского андеграунда". Известия Уральского государственного университета. 13: 125–127.
- ^ "Журнал теории и практики "Транспонанс": Комментированное электронное издание / Под ред. И. Кукуя. - A Work in Progress | Project for the Study of Dissidence and Samizdat". samizdatcollections.library.utoronto.ca.
- ^ Janecek 1984, pp. 149–206.
- ^ Knowlson 1996, p. 217.
- ^ Janecek 1996, p. 2.
- ^ a b Janecek 1996, p. 1.
- ^ Janecek 1996, p. 78.
- ^ Kruchenykh 2005, p. 183.
References
- Janecek, Gerald (1984), The Look of Russian Literature: Avant-Garde Visual Experiments 1900-1930, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691014579
- Janecek, Gerald (1996), Zaum: The Transrational Poetry of Russian Futurism, San Diego: San Diego State University Press, ISBN 978-1879691414
- Kruchenykh, Aleksei (2005), Anna Lawton; Herbert Eagle (eds.), "Declaration of Transrational Language", Words in Revolution: Russian Futurist Manifestoes 1912-1928, Washington: New Academia Publishing, ISBN 978-0974493473
- Knowlson, J. (1996), The Continuing Influence of Zaum, London: Bloomsbury
External links
- Chapter Nine of G. Janecek, Zaum: The Transrational Poetry of Russian Futurism
- Janecek's Zaum, published by San Diego State University Press
- Lecture by Z. Laskewicz: "Zaum: Words Without Meaning or Meaning Without Words? Towards a Musical Understanding of Language"
- 'Locating Zaum: Mnatsakanova on Khlebnikov' an essay by Brian Reed
- Article by A. Purin: "Meaning and Zaum" (in Russian)
- Tambov Academy of Zaum, Cyrillic KOI8-R encoding (in Russian)
- Samizdat books and artist' books by Serge Segay, some with zaum and visual poetry
- Samizdat books and artist' books by Ry Nikonova, some with zaum and visual poetry
- v
- t
- e
- Giacomo Balla (list of works)
- "Barbara"
- Umberto Boccioni
- Anton Bragaglia
- Benedetta Cappa
- Carlo Carrà
- Franco Casavola
- Nikolay Diulgheroff
- Luigi De Giudici
- F. T. Marinetti
- Marisa Mori
- Bruno Munari
- Aldo Palazzeschi
- Ugo Piatti
- Francesco Balilla Pratella
- Antonio Russolo
- Luigi Russolo
- Antonio Sant'Elia
- Gino Severini
- Ardengo Soffici
Cubo-Futurists
- Alexander Archipenko
- Nikolai Aseev
- Vladimir Baranoff-Rossine
- Lilya Brik
- Osip Brik
- Alexander Bogomazov
- Kseniya Boguslavskaya
- David Burliuk
- Vladimir Burliuk
- Joseph Chaikov
- Aleksandra Ekster
- Nina Genke-Meller
- Natalia Goncharova
- Elena Guro
- Vasily Kamensky
- Velimir Khlebnikov
- Ivan Kliun
- Aleksei Kruchyonykh
- Nikolai Kulbin
- Mikhail Larionov
- Aristarkh Lentulov
- El Lissitzky
- Benedikt Livshits
- Kazimir Malevich
- Mikhail Matyushin
- Vladimir Mayakovsky
- Boris Pasternak
- Victor Palmov
- Lyubov Popova
- Ivan Puni
- Olga Rozanova
- Vadim Shershenevich
- Nadezhda Udaltsova
- Ilia Zdanevich (Iliazd)
and inventions
- Anti-neutral suit
- Intonarumori
- Italian futurism in cinema
- Futurist architecture
- Futurist cooking
- Futurist literature
- Futurist music
- Noise music
- Zaum
- Abstract Speed + Sound
- Antigrazioso
- The Art of Noises
- BÏF§ZF+18
- The City Rises
- Cyclist
- Development of a Bottle in Space
- Drama in the Futurists' Cabaret No. 13
- Dyr bul shchyl
- Dynamism of a Car
- Dynamism of a Cyclist
- Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
- Dynamism of a Human Body: Boxer
- Dynamism of a Soccer Player
- Dynamism of a Speeding Horse + Houses
- Futurist Painting: Technical Manifesto
- The Knifegrinder
- Girl Running on a Balcony
- The Hand of the Violinist
- Lacerba
- Manifesto of Futurism
- Manifesto of Futurist Musicians
- Mercury Passing Before the Sun
- The Poem of the End
- Poesia
- The Street Enters the House
- The Street Light
- Thaïs
- Tango with Cows
- Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
- Universal War
- Victory over the Sun
- Vladimir Mayakovsky
- Zangezi
- Zang Tumb Tumb
- Agitprop
- Agit-train
- Constructivism
- Dadaism
- Donkey's Tail
- Grosvenor School
- Jack of Diamonds
- Neo-Primitivism
- Oberiu
- Panfuturism
- Precisionism
- Rayonism
- Soyuz Molodyozhi
- Suprematism
- Supremus
- Vorticism