Gricos
Gricos Γκρίκο | ||
---|---|---|
![]() Comunidades hablantes de grico en Calabria y Grecia Salentina. Evento cultural grico en Aspromonte. | ||
Otros nombres | Grecanici | |
Ubicación | Península itálica | |
Descendencia | 122 000 | |
Idioma | Grico y grecocalabrés (dialectos del griego, italiano | |
Religión | Catolicismo (mayoría), catolicismo bizantino (minoría) | |
Etnias relacionadas | Griegos, sicilianos | |
Asentamientos importantes | ||
54 278 (2005)[1] | ![]() ![]() | |
22 636 (2010) | ![]() ![]() | |
500 (2012)[2][3] | ![]() ![]() | |
[editar datos en Wikidata] |
Los gricos (en griego: Γκρίκο), también conocido como grecanici en Calabria,[4][5][6][7][8] es una comunidad étnica griega del sur de Italia, principalmente en las regiones de Calabria y Apulia (península de Salento).[9][10][11][12][13] Se cree que los gricos son restos de las grandes comunidades griegas antiguas y medievales del sur de Italia (la antigua región de Magna Graecia), aunque existe una disputa entre los estudiosos sobre si la comunidad grica desciende directamente de los griegos antiguos o es producto de migraciones medievales durante la dominación bizantina.[12][14]
Los griegos han estado viviendo en el sur de Italia durante milenios, llegando inicialmente al sur de Italia en numerosas oleadas de migraciones, desde la antigua colonización griega del sur de Italia y Sicilia en el siglo VIII a. C. hasta las migraciones griegas bizantinas del siglo XV causadas por el conquista otomana. En la Edad Media, las comunidades regionales griegas se redujeron a enclaves aislados. Aunque la mayoría de los habitantes griegos del sur de Italia se han vuelto italianos por completo a lo largo de los siglos, la comunidad grica ha podido preservar su identidad, herencia, idioma y cultura distintiva griega original, aunque la exposición a los medios de comunicación ha erosionado progresivamente su cultura e idioma.[15][11][13][16]
Un debate de larga duración sobre el origen del dialecto grico ha producido dos teorías principales sobre los orígenes de los grico. Según la primera teoría, desarrollada por Giuseppe Morosi en 1870, los gricos se originaron en la koiné helenística cuando en la época bizantina llegaron oleadas de inmigrantes de Grecia a Salento.[17] Algunas décadas después de Morosi, Gerhard Rohlfs, siguiendo a Hatzidakis (1892), afirmó en cambio que el grico era una variedad local que evolucionó directamente del griego antiguo.[18]
El pueblo grico habla tradicionalmente griego italiota (los dialectos grico o calabrés), que es una forma del idioma griego. En los últimos años, el número de gricos que hablan el idioma grico se ha reducido considerablemente; los gricos más jóvenes se han pasado rápidamente al italiano.[19]
Toponimia
El nombre grico deriva del nombre tradicional de los griegos en la península italiana, se cree que deriva de los grecos, una antigua tribu helénica que (según la leyenda, tomó su nombre del semidiós Greco) fueron una de las primeras tribus griegas en colonizar Italia. El área que llegó a ser conocida como Magna Grecia tomó su nombre en honor a ellos. Los latinos usaron este término en referencia a todas las personas helénicas porque los primeros helenos con los que entraron en contacto fueron los grecos, de ahí el nombre de griegos. Otra opinión es que el etnónimo Γρῆκος/-α no deriva lingüísticamente ni del latín graecus ni del griego graikos; puede haber sido el término que sus antiguos vecinos itálicos usaban para los hablantes griegos locales en la época prerromana, aunque esta es solo una hipótesis lingüística entre muchas.[20]
Historia
Primeras migraciones
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Woman_mirror_tambourine_MBA_Lyon_L631.jpg/220px-Woman_mirror_tambourine_MBA_Lyon_L631.jpg)
Los primeros contactos griegos con Italia están atestiguados desde el período prehistórico, cuando la civilización micénica estableció asentamientos en el centro y sur de Italia y Sicilia.[21][22][23][24] En la antigüedad, la península itálica al sur de Nápoles, incluidas las costas de Calabria, Basilicata, Apulia, Campania y Sicilia, fue colonizada por los antiguos griegos a partir del siglo VIII a. C.[25] Los asentamientos griegos estaban tan densamente situados allí que durante el período clásico la región pasó a llamarse Magna Grecia (o Gran Grecia).[25] Los griegos continuaron migrando a estas regiones en muchas oleadas desde la antigüedad hasta las migraciones bizantinas del siglo XV.
Migraciones posteriores
Durante la Alta Edad Media, después de la desastrosa guerra gótica, nuevas oleadas de griegos llegaron a la Magna Grecia desde Grecia y Asia Menor, mientras el sur de Italia permanecía gobernado libremente por el Imperio bizantino. El emperador iconoclasta León III se apropió de tierras en el sur de Italia que habían sido concedidas al papado,[26] y el emperador oriental gobernó libremente el área hasta la llegada de los lombardos; luego, en la forma del catapanato de Italia, fueron reemplazados por los normandos. Además, los bizantinos habrían encontrado en el sur de Italia gente de raíces culturales comunes, los eredi ellenofoni de lengua griega de Magna Grecia. El idioma griego nunca desapareció por completo en el sur de Italia, aunque el área en la que se hablaba se redujo significativamente por la progresión del latín.[27] Los registros de Magna Graecia siendo predominantemente de habla griega datan del siglo XI (el final de la dominación bizantina en el sur de Italia). Durante este tiempo, partes del sur de Italia que se reintegraron al Imperio bizantino comenzaron a experimentar cambios demográficos significativos a medida que los griegos comenzaron a asentarse en regiones más al norte, como Cilento, que tenía una población abrumadoramente griega en el momento de la conquista normanda.[28][29]
Alrededor del final de la Edad Media, gran parte de Calabria, Basilicata, Apulia y Sicilia continuaron hablando griego como lengua materna.[30] Durante el siglo XIII un cronista francés de paso por toda Calabria afirmó que “los campesinos de Calabria no hablaban más que griego”.[31] En 1368, el erudito italiano Petrarca recomendó una estancia en Calabria a un estudiante que necesitaba mejorar su conocimiento del griego.[31] El pueblo grico fue el elemento de población dominante de algunas regiones de Calabria y Salento hasta el siglo XVI.[32][33][28][29]
Durante los siglos XV y XVI, un lento proceso de catolización y latinización de las poblaciones griegas del sur de Italia y Sicilia reduciría aún más la lengua y la cultura griegas.[34][35] Antonio de Ferraris, un griego nacido en Galatone en 1444, observó cómo los habitantes de Kallipoli (Gallipoli en Apulia) aún conversaban en su lengua materna griega original, indicó que la tradición clásica griega había permanecido viva en esta región de Italia y que la población es probablemente de origen lacedemonio (espartano).[36][37][38] Los griegos del sur de Italia, aunque muy reducidos, permanecieron activos en enclaves aislados en Calabria y Puglia. Incluso después de la Edad Media hubo migraciones esporádicas desde la Grecia continental. Así, un número considerable de refugiados entró en la región en los siglos XVI y XVII. Esto sucedió como reacción a la conquista del Peloponeso por los otomanos.
Durante el siglo XX, el uso del idioma grico fue considerado, incluso por muchos de los propios gricos, como un símbolo de atraso y un obstáculo para su progreso;[39] los padres disuadían a sus hijos de hablar el dialecto y los estudiantes que eran sorprendidos hablando grico en clase eran castigados. Durante muchos años, los gricos de Calabria y Apulia han sido olvidados. Incluso en Grecia, los griegos desconocían su existencia.
Despertar nacional grico
El despertar nacional grico comenzó en Grecia Salentina a través de los trabajos de Vito Domenico Palumbo (1857-1918), un grico nativo de la ciudad de Calimera.[40] Palumbo se embarcó en el restablecimiento de contactos culturales con la Grecia continental. Estudió el folclore, la mitología, los cuentos y las canciones populares de los gricos de Magna Graecia. El resurgimiento de la atención también se debe al trabajo pionero del lingüista y filólogo alemán Gerhard Rohlfs, quien contribuyó mucho a la documentación y preservación del idioma grico. El profesor Ernesto Aprile de Calimera vio el apoyo de su comunidad para la preservación y el crecimiento de la poesía, la historia y la actuación de los gricos como una responsabilidad cívica hasta su muerte en 2008, y publicó múltiples monografías sobre el tema para difusión local y nacional, actuando como reconocido (pero no oficial) embajador ante los visitantes y dignatarios de Calimera y las secciones cercanas al mar de Melendugno.
Idiomas
La lengua materna ancestral de los grico formó dos dialectos griegos distintos, que se conocen colectivamente como katoitaliotika (literalmente ‘italiano del sur’), grecanica y/o idioma grico, ambos mutuamente inteligibles hasta cierto punto con el griego moderno estándar. Los gricos en Apulia habla el dialecto grico, a diferencia del dialecto calabrés que se habla en Calabria. Estos dialectos, sobrevivieron hasta bien entrada la Edad Media e incluso hasta nuestros días, conservan las características, los sonidos, la gramática y el vocabulario del griego antiguo (hablado en la Magna Grecia por los antiguos colonos griegos), el griego koiné y el griego bizantino medieval.[41][42][43][44]
El idioma grico está clasificado como en grave peligro de extinción, ya que el número de hablantes ha disminuido en las últimas décadas debido al cambio de idioma al italiano. Hoy lo hablan aproximadamente 20.000 personas, en su mayoría mayores, mientras que los hablantes más jóvenes tienden a tener más de treinta años y solo existen unos pocos niños hablantes del idioma. El idioma grico y las lenguas romances locales (calabrés y salentino) se influyeron mucho a lo largo de los siglos. La Ndrangheta que es el nombre de la mafia calabresa es una palabra de origen grecocalabrés: andragathía (en griego, ἀνδραγαθία), compuesta por agathia (literalmente ‘valor’) y andròs (literalmente ‘hombre noble’).[45][46]
El gobierno italiano hace poco para proteger la lengua y la cultura del pueblo grico, que se erosionan progresivamente, a pesar del artículo 6 de la Constitución italiana, que autoriza la preservación de las minorías étnicas.[47] El uso del idioma italiano es obligatorio en las escuelas públicas, mientras que el idioma grico no se enseña a los jóvenes gricos. Hoy en día hay festivales que ponen en valor la cultura y lengua grica como Notte della Taranta.
Cultura y tradiciones
Música
Los gricos tienen un rico folclore y tradición oral. Las canciones, la música y la poesía gricas son populares en Italia y Grecia, y hay grupos musicales famosos de Salento como Ghetonia y Aramirè. Además, artistas griegos influyentes como Giórgos Daláras, Dionisis Savvopoulos, Marinella, Charis Alexíou y María Farantoúri han actuado en grico. Todos los veranos se celebra en Melpignano, un pequeño pueblo de Salento, se lleva a cabo el festival Notte della Taranta con gran asistencia de jóvenes que bailan toda la noche al son de la pizzica y canciones en el dialecto gricosalentino.
Otros grupos musicales de música en grico incluyen:
- Salento: Agrikò, Argalìo, Arakne Mediterranea, Astèria, Atanathon, Avleddha, Briganti di Terra d'Otranto, Canzoniere Grecanico Salentino, Officina Zoè, Ghetonia
- Calabria: Astaki, Nistanimera, Stella del Sud, Ta scipòvlita
- Grecia: Encardia.[48] Encardia fue el tema de una película documental llamada "Encardia, la piedra danzante", inspirada en la música del pueblo grico y que la celebra.[49]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pizzica.jpg/250px-Pizzica.jpg)
Cocina
La cocina tradicional de Salento y Calabria ha sido fuertemente influenciada por la cultura grico. Los grico son tradicionalmente productores de cereales, hortalizas, aceitunas y legumbres.[50] La cocina local de los grico no difiere mucho de la población italiana local, sin embargo, existen variaciones regionales locales. Muchos platos típicos de los grico todavía se utilizan entre ellos. Algunos de ellos se mencionan a continuación:
- Pitta y lestopitta: pan tradicional griego-calabrés de la región de Bovesia.
- Ciceri e ttrìa: forma de tallarines servidos con garbanzos. Tradicionalmente este plato se consumía en la fiesta de San José, el 19 de marzo en Grecia Salentina.
- Cranu stompatu - un plato de trigo, preparado de manera sencilla, remojando y machacando el trigo.
- Ricchiteddhe: tipo de macarrones.
- Minchiarieddhi: tipo de macarrones largos.
- Sagne ncannulate: tallarines anchos de hasta pulgada y media.
- Triddhi: pasta de forma irregular, utilizada específicamente para hacer caldo.
- Mendulata te cranu: postre similar al pastiera, relleno de crema de queso, miel, azúcar y vainilla.
- Le cuddhure: pastel grico tradicional hecho durante la Pascua, del griego koulouri.
- Tiaulicchiu: pimientos picantes, muy consumidos en toda Grecia Salentina, generalmente se almacenan secos o se conservan en frascos de aceite, con la adición de astillas de ajo, menta y alcaparras.
- Sceblasti: tipo tradicional de pan hecho a mano de la región de Grecia Salentina.[50]
- Aggute: un pan de Pascua tradicional greco-calabrés de la región de Bovesia, que se prepara con una mezcla de harina, huevos y mantequilla y la superficie está decorada con huevos duros pintados, similar al tsoureki griego.
- Scardateddhi: dulces tradicionales de bodas greco-calabresas, hechos de harina, miel y semillas de anís que tienen forma de pequeñas rosquillas. Luego se cocinan en agua hirviendo y se espolvorean con azúcar morena antes de servir.
Se ha publicado un libro sobre la cocina de los grico de Salento, titulado Grecia Salentina la Cultura Gastronomica.[51] Presenta muchas recetas tradicionales distintivas de la región de Grecia Salentina del sur de Apulia.
Religión
Antes del cisma de Oriente, los gricos eran católicos que se adhirieron al rito bizantino.[52] Algunos griegos del sur de Italia lograron ascender a posiciones de poder en la Iglesia, como el Papa Juan VII y el Antipapa Juan XVI. En el siglo XI, los normandos invadieron el sur de Italia, y pronto Bari, el último puesto de avanzada bizantino, cayó ante ellos.[53] Así comenzó un proceso de latinización, en el que el clero griego finalmente adoptó el latín para misa, aunque la resistencia griega al rito latino se prolongó más en Calabria. Los prelados latinos no se establecieron en Cosenza, Bisignano y Squillace hasta los años 1093-1096. En 1093, el rey normando Roger I intentó instalar un arzobispo latino sobre la población mayoritariamente griega de Rossano, sin embargo, esto fue un completo fracaso ya que se produjo una revuelta a favor de la restauración del rito bizantino.[54][55] En Crotona, Bova y Gerace, el clero continuó usando la liturgia griega a pesar de que estaban bajo obispos latinos. En Apulia, donde los normandos tomaron una actitud menos intensa hacia la latinización del pueblo, el pueblo grico continuó hablando el idioma griego y celebrando el rito bizantino.[56] Algunos gricos tanto en Calabria como en Apulia permanecieron adheridos al rito bizantino hasta principios del siglo XVII, aunque hoy en día la mayoría de gricos son católicos y se adhieren al rito latino.
Situación actual
Distribución geográfica
El territorio de habla griega de Bovesia se encuentra en un terreno muy montañoso y no es de fácil acceso. En los últimos tiempos, muchos descendientes de los primeros habitantes de la zona han dejado las montañas para instalarse en la costa. Los hablantes de grico de Calabria viven en los pueblos de Bova Superiore, Bova Marina, Roccaforte del Greco, Condofuri, Palizzi, Gallicianò y Mélito di Porto Salvo. En 1999, el Parlamento italiano amplió los territorios históricos de los grico mediante la Ley 482 para incluir las ciudades de Palizzi, San Lorenzo, Staiti, Samo, Montebello Jonico, Bagaladi, Motta San Giovanni, Brancaleone y partes de Regio.[57] En la región de Grecia Salentina de Apulia, los hablantes de grico se encuentran en los pueblos de Calimera, Martignano, Martano, Sternatia, Zollino, Corigliano d'Otranto, Soleto, Melpignano y Castrignano dei Greci, aunque el grico parece estar desapareciendo de Martignano, Soleto y Melpignano. Las ciudades pobladas por gricos fuera de las regiones de Bovesia y Grecia Salentina han perdido casi por completo el conocimiento de su idioma grico; esto ocurrió en gran parte a finales del siglo XIX y XX. Algunos pueblos que han perdido el conocimiento de la lengua grica incluyen las ciudades de Cardeto, Montebello, San Pantaleone y Santa Caterina en Calabria. A principios del siglo XIX las actuales nueve ciudades grecoparlantes de la zona de Grecía Salentina junto con Sogliano Cavour, Cursi, Cannole y Cutrofiano formaban parte de la Decatría Choría (en griego: τα Δεκατρία Χωρία)[58], las trece ciudades de Terra d'Otranto que conservaron la lengua y tradiciones griegas. En un período más remoto, el griego también lo hablaba una población griega predominante en Galatina,[59] Galatone, Gallipoli y muchas otras localidades de Apulia,[60] y en Catanzaro y Cosenza en Calabria.[61]
Los pueblos gricos suelen tener dos nombres, uno italiano y un nombre nativo grico con el que los aldeanos se refieren a la ciudad. Los pueblos de Griko se dividen típicamente en pequeñas "islas" en las áreas del sur de Italia:
- Apulia
- Provincia de Salento (Grecia Salentina): Calimera[62], Cannole (Cánnula)[63],Caprarica[63] (Crapáreca[64]), Carpignano Salentino[62] (Carpignána), Castrignano dei Greci[62] (Castrignána or Cascignána), Corigliano d’Otranto[62] (Choriána or Coriána[65]), Cursi[63] (Cúrze), Cutrofiano[62] (Cutrufiána), Galatina[59] (As Pétro), Martano[62] (Martána), Martignano[62] (Martignána), Melpignano[62] (Lipignána[65]), Soleto[62] (Sulítu), Sternatia[62] (i Chora (η Χώρα) y Starnaítta), Zollino[62] (Tzuddhínu).
- Provincia de Salento (fuera de la Grecia Salentina): Alliste[66], Cellino San Marco[67], Francavilla Fontana[67], Galatone[60] (Galátuna[64]), Gallipoli[60] (Caddhípuli), Lecce[67] (Luppìu), Manduria[67], Maruggio[67], Otranto (Derentó/Terentó), San Cesario di Lecce[67], San Pietro Vernotico (Santu Piethru), Squinzano[67], Taviano[66], Vernole.[67]
- Calabria
- Provincia de Regio de Calabria (Bovesia)[57]: Africo[57] (Άφρικον), Amendolea[57] (Amiddalia), Armo[68], Bagaladi[57] (Bagalades), Bova[57] (Chòra tu Vùa (Βοῦα), i Chora (ἡ Χώρα)[69]), Bova Marina (Jalo tu Vùa), Brancaleone[57], Cardeto[57][70] (Kardia), Cataforio[68] (Katachòrio), Condofuri[57][71] (Kontofyria, o Condochòri, con Κοντοχώρι «cerca del pueblo»[72]), Gallicianò[57], Gerace, Laganadi[68] (Lachanàdi, Lachanàdes), Lubrichi[68], Mélito di Porto Salvo[57] (Mèlitos o Mèlito), Montebello[57], Mosorrofa[68] (Messòchora), Motta San Giovanni[57], Palizzi[57] (Spiròpoli), Paracorio[68] (se fusionó en 1878 con la ciudad de Pedovoli[68] en la actual ciudad de Delianuova, Dhelia), Pentedattilo[71], Podàrgoni:[73] (Podàrghoni), Polistena[74], Regio de Calabria (Rìghi), Roccaforte del Greco[57] (Vuni con Βουνί «montaña»[75]), Roghudi[57] (Roghudion, Choriò, Richudi con ῥηχώδης «roca»[76]), Samo[57] (Samu), San Pantaleone[71], San Lorenzo[57][71], Santa Caterina[70][77], San. Giorgio[68], Scido[68] (Skidous), Sinopoli[78] (Xenòpolis, Sinopolis), Sitizzano[68], Staiti[57] (Stàti).
- Región de La Piana di Monteleone: Calimera[79], Dinami[79] (Dynamis), Filandari[79] (Philandaris), Garopoli[79], Ierocarne[79], Ionadi[79] (Ionades), Orsigliadi[79], Papaglionti[79], Paravati[79], Potame[79], Melicuca[79] (Melikukià), Mesima[79], Stefanaconi[79], Triparni[79].
Estatus oficial
Por la Ley n. 482 de 1999, el parlamento italiano reconoció a las comunidades de gricos de Reggio Calabria y Salento como minoría étnica y lingüística griega. Este establece que la República protege la lengua y la cultura de sus poblaciones albanesa, catalana, germánica, griega, eslovena y croata, y de quienes hablan francés, franco-provenzal, friulano, ladino, occitano y sardo.[80]
Véase también
Referencias
- ↑ «Unione dei comuni della Grecia Salentina - Grecia Salentina official site (in Italian).». www.comune.melpignano.le.it/melpignano-nella-grecia-salentina. Archivado desde el original el 19 de agosto de 2014. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2011. «La popolazione complessiva dell’Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune Popolazione Calimera 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278».
- ↑ Cfr. delibera della giunta comunale di Messina n. 339 del 27/04/2012 avente come oggetto: «Progetto "Mazì" finalizzato al mantenimento identità linguistica della comunità minoritaria greco-sicula sul terr. com. L.N. 482 del 15.12.99 a tutela delle minoranze linguistiche. Approv. progetto, della scheda identificativa, dell'autocerti. e delle schede relative al quadro economico».
- ↑ «Delimitazione ambito territoriale della minoranza linguistica greca di Messina». Archivado desde el original el 3 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2012.
- ↑ Brisbane, Albert; Mellen, Abigail; Stallsmith, Allaire Brisbane (2005). The European travel diaries of Albert Brisbane, 1830-1832: discovering Fourierism for America. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780773460706. «In Calabria there still exist people called Grecanici, who speak a dialect of Greek and practice the Orthodox Christian faith».
- ↑ F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, Reggio Calabria, 1997.
- ↑ Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977
- ↑ Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E. Bova (RC), 1992
- ↑ In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca | Treccani, il portale del sapere
- ↑ Bornträger, Ekkehard W. (1999). Borders, ethnicity, and national self-determination. Braumüller. p. 16. ISBN 9783700312413. «…the process of socio-cultural alienation is still much further advanced those ethnic groups that are not (or only “symbolically”) protected. This also applies to the southern Italian Grecanici (ethnic Greeks), who at least cannot complain of any lack of linguistic publicity.»
- ↑ PARDO-DE-SANTAYANA, MANUEL; Pieroni, Andrea; Puri, Rajindra K. (2010). Ethnobotany in the new Europe: people, health, and wild plant resources. Berghahn Books. pp. 173-174. ISBN 9781845454562. «The ethnic Greek minorities living in southern Italy today exemplify the establishment of independent and permanent colonial settlements of Greeks in history.»
- ↑ a b Bekerman Zvi; Kopelowitz, Ezra (2008). Cultural education -- cultural sustainability: minority, diaspora, indigenous, and ethno-religious groups in multicultural societies. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 9780805857245. «Griko Milume - This reaction was even more pronounced in the southern Italian communities of Greek origins. There are two distinct clusters, in Apulia and Calabria, which have managed to preserve their language, Griko or Grecanico, all through the historical events that have shaped Italy. While being Italian citizens, they are actually aware of their Greek roots and again the defense of their language is the key to their identity.»
- ↑ a b Danver, Steven L. (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 316. ISBN 9781317464006. «Some 46,000 ethnic Greeks in Italy are descendants of the Greek settlers that colonized Sicily and southern Italy up to the Gulf of Naples in antiquity. At that time, most of the Greek population lived in what is now Italian territory, in areas of settlement that were referred to as Magna Graecia or “Greater Greece.” Of the modern Greeks living in that region, only about one-third still speak Greek, while the rest have adopted Italian as their first language.»
- ↑ a b Hardy, Paula; Hole, Abigail; Pozzan, Olivia (2008). Puglia & Basilicata. Lonely Planet. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781741790894. «THE GREEK SALENTINE – The Greek Salentine is a historical oddity, left over from a time when the Byzantine Empire controlled southern Italy and Greek culture was the order of the day. It is a cluster of nine towns – Calimera, Castrignano dei Greci, Corigliano d'Otranto, Martano, Martignano, Melpignano, Soleto, Sternatia and Zollino – in the heart of Terra d’Otranto. Why this pocket of Apulia has retained its Greek heritage is not altogether clear.»
- ↑ Commission of the European Communities, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana (1986). Linguistic minorities in countries belonging to the European community: summary report. Commission of the European Communities. p. 87. ISBN 9789282558508. «In Italy, Greek (known locally as Griko) is spoken today in two small linguistic islands of southern Italy…The dialects of these two linguistic islands correspond for the most part, as regards morphology, phonetics, syntax and lexis to the neoclassical dialects of Greece, but they also present some interesting archaic characteristics. This has led to much discussion on the origins of the Greek-speaking community in southern Italy: according to some scholars (G. Morosi and C. Battisti), Greek in this area is not a direct continuation of the ancient Greek community but is due to Byzantine domination (535-1071); whereas for other scholars (Rohlfs, etc.), the Greek community of southern Italy is directly linked to the community of Magna Grecia.»
- ↑ Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm (1960). Scripta minora, Volume 2. Edizioni di storia e letteratura. p. 361. OCLC 311270347. «It began to dwindle in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when the South became more and more Italianized and the Greek civilization of Calabria no longer found moral and political support in Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire.»
- ↑ Calcagno, Anne; Morris, Jan (2001). Travelers' Tales Italy: True Stories. Travelers' Tales. p. 319. ISBN 9781885211729. «Mass media has steadily eroded the Grecanico language and culture, which the Italian government — despite Article 6 of the Italian Constitution that mandates the preservation of ethnic minorities — does little to protect.»
- ↑ Morosi, Giuseppe (1870). Sui dialetti greci della terra d'Otranto. Lecce: Editrice Salentina.
- ↑ Douri De Santis (2015). «Griko and Modern Greek in Grecìa Salentina: an overview». Idomeneo 19: 187–198.
- ↑ Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. p. 248. ISBN 9780700711970. «Griko (also called Italiot Greek) Italy: spoken in the Salento peninsula in Lecce Province in southern Apulia and in a few villages near Reggio di Calabria in southern Calabria. Griko is an outlying dialect of Greek largely deriving from Byzantine times. The Salentine dialect is still used relatively widely, and there may be a few child speakers, but a shift to South Italian has proceeded rapidly, and active speakers tend to be over fifty years old. The Calabrian dialect is only used more actively in the village of Gaddhiciano, but even there youngest speakers are over thirty years old. The number of speakers lies in the range of 20,000. South Italian influence has been strong for a long time. Severely Endangered.»
- ↑ Safran, L. The Medieval Salento: Art and Identity in Southern Italy, p. 215. 2014
- ↑ Gert Jan van Wijngaarden, Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600-1200 BC): The Significance of Context, Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, Amsterdam University Press, 2001
- ↑ Elizabeth A. Fisher, The Mycenaeans and Apulia. An Examination of Aegean Bronze Age Contacts with Apulia in Eastern Magna Grecia, Astrom, 1998
- ↑ David Ridgway, The First Western Greeks, Cambridge University Press, 1993
- ↑ Bryan Avery Feuer, Mycenaean civilization, McFarland, 2004
- ↑ a b Michael J. Bennett; Aaron J. Paul; Mario Iozzo; Bruce M. White; Cleveland Museum of Art; Tampa Museum of Art (2002). Magna Graecia: Greek art from south Italy and Sicily. Hudson Hills. ISBN 9780940717718. «The Greek colonization of South Italy and Sicily beginning in the eighth century BC was a watershed event that profoundly informed Etruscan and Roman culture, and is reflected in the Italian Renaissance.
In the sixth century BC, Pythagoras established a large community in Krotone (modern Croton) and Pythagorean communities spread throughout Graecia Magna during the next centuries, including at Taras (Tarentum), Metapontum and Herakleion.
So dense was the constellation of Greek city-states there during the Classical period and so agriculturally rich were the lands they occupied that the region came to be called Magna Graecia (Great Greece).» - ↑ T. S. Brown, "The Church of Ravenna and the Imperial Administration in the Seventh Century," The English Historical Review (1979 pp 1-28) p.5.
- ↑ Browning, Robert (1983). Medieval and modern Greek. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131-132. ISBN 9780521299787. «There are now only two tiny enclaves of Greek speech in southern Italy. A few centuries ago their extent was much greater. Still earlier one hears of Greek being currently spoken in many parts of south Italy. Now it is clear that there was a considerable immigration from Greece during Byzantine times. We hear of refugees from the rule of Iconoclast emperors of the eighth century … as well as of fugitives from the western Peloponnese and elsewhere during the Avar and Slav invasions of the late sixth and seventh centuries. And during the Byzantine reconquest of the late ninth and tenth centuries there was a good deal of settlement by Greeks from other regions of the empire on lands taken from the Arabs, or occasionally from the Lombards. … It is now clear, above all from the researches of Rohlfs and Caratzas, that the speech of these enclaves is the descendant, not of the language of Byzantine immigrants, but of the Greek colonists of Magna Graecia. In other words Greek never died out entirely in south Italy, though the area in which it was spoken was greatly reduced by the advance of Latin. When the Byzantne immigrants arrived they found a Greek-speaking peasantry still settled on the land in some areas, whose speech was an independent development of the vernacular of Magna Graecia in the late Roman empire, no doubt a regional variety of Koine with a heavy dialect colouring. Only by this hypothesis can the presence of so many archaic features not found in any other Greek dialect be explained. And there is nothing inconsistent with it in the meager historical record. Here we have a Greek-speaking community isolated from the rest of the Hellenic world virtually since the death of Theodosius in 395, with a brief reintegration between Justinian’s reconquest and the growth of Lombard and Arab power, and again during the Byzantine reoccupation in the tenth and eleventh centuries, and always remote from the centers of power and culture. There were the conditions which gave rise to the archaic and aberrant Greek dialects of the now bilingual inhabitants of the two enclaves in the toe and heel of Italy.»
- ↑ a b Oldfield, Paul (2014). Sanctity and Pilgrimage in Medieval Southern Italy, 1000-1200. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-107-00028-5. «“However, the Byzantine revival of the tenth century generated a concomitant process Hellenization, while Muslim raids in southern Calabria, and instability in Sicily, may also have displaced Greek Christians further north on the mainland. Consequently, zones in northern Calabria, Lucania and central Apulia which were reintegrated into Byzantine control also experienced demographic shifts, and the increasing establishment of immigrant Greek communities. These zones also acted as springboards for Greek migration further north, into regions such as the Cilento and areas around Salerno, which had never been under Byzantine control.»
- ↑ a b Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1. Routledge. pp. 444-445. ISBN 978-0-415-93930-0. «ISBN 0-415-93930-5" "In Lucania (northern Calabria, Basilicata, and southernmost portion of today's Campania) ... From the late ninth century into the eleventh, Greek-speaking populations and Byzantine temporal power advanced, in stages but by no means always in tandem, out of southern Calabria and the lower Salentine peninsula across Lucania and through much of Apulia as well. By the early eleventh century, Greek settlement had radiated northward and had reached the interior of the Cilento, deep in Salernitan territory. Parts of the central and north-western Salento, recovered early, came to have a Greek majority through immigration, as did parts of Lucania.»
- ↑ Eisner, Robert (1993). Travelers to an Antique Land: The History and Literature of Travel to Greece. University of Michigan Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780472082209. «The ancient Greek colonies from Naples south had been completely latinized, but from the fifth century AD onward Greeks had once again emigrated there when pressed out of their homeland by invasions. This Greek culture of South Italy was known in medieval England because of England’s ties to the Norman masters of Sicily. Large parts of Calabria, Lucania, Apulia, and Sicily were still Greek-speaking at the end of the Middle Ages. Even nineteenth-century travelers in Calabria reported finding Greek villages where they could make themselves understood with the modern language, and a few such enclaves are said to survive still.»
- ↑ a b Vasil’ev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1971). History of the Byzantine Empire. 2, Volume 2. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 718. ISBN 9780299809263. «half of the thirteenth century Roger Bacon wrote the Pope concerning Italy, “in which, in many places, the clergy and the people were purely Greek.” An old French chronicler stated of the same time that the peasants of Calabria spoke nothing but Greek.»
- ↑ Commission of the European Communities, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana (1986). Linguistic minorities in countries belonging to the European community: summary report. Commission of the European Communities. p. 87. ISBN 9789282558508. «In Italy, Greek (known locally as Griko) is spoken today in two small linguistic islands of southern Italy…In former times, the two areas were much larger: in the 16th century, the Greek area in Calabria took in about 25 villages, while in Puglia Greek was spoken in the 15th century covering the whole Salento coastal strip between Mardo and Gallipoli in the west up to the edge of Malendugno-Otranto in the east. Outside this area it appears that Greek was also spoken at Taviano and Alliste, in Puglia (cf. Rohlfs).»
- ↑ Loud, G. A. (2007). The Latin Church in Norman Italy. Cambridge University Press. p. 494. ISBN 9780521255516. «At the end of the twelfth century…While in Apulia Greeks were in a majority – and indeed present in any numbers at all – only in the Salento peninsula in the extreme south, at the time of the conquest they had an overwhelming preponderance in Lucaina and central and southern Calabria, as well as comprising anything up to a third of the population of Sicily, concentrated especially in the north-east of the island, the Val Demone.»
- ↑ Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010). Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. John Wiley and Sons. p. 389. ISBN 9781405134156. «None the less, the severing of the political connection with the empire after 1071…the spread of Catholicism, led to the gradual decline of Greek language and culture, and to autonomous dialectical development as areas of Greek speech were reduced to isolated enclaves…the Orthodox church retained adherents in both Calabria and Apulia into the early 17th century.»
- ↑ Weiss, Roberto (1977). Medieval and Humanist Greek. Antenore. pp. 14-16. ISBN 9788884550064. «The zones of south Italy in which Greek was spoken during the later Middle Ages, were eventually to shrink more and more during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Some small areas were, however, able to remain Greek even after the Renaissance period. In Calabria, for instance, Greek may till be heard today at Bova, Condofuri, Roccaforte, Roghudi, and in a few isolated farms here and there. One hundred years ago, it was still spoken also at Cardeto, Montebello, and San Pantaleone; and the more we recede in time the larger are these areas. And what took place in Calabria happened also in Apulia, where many places which were still Greek-speaking as late as 1807 are now no longer so. The use of the Greek language in such areas during the later Middle Ages is shown by..»
- ↑ Golino, Carlo Luigi; University of California, Los Angeles. Dept. of Italian ; Dante Alighieri Society of Los Angeles ; University of Massachusetts Boston (1989). Italian quarterly, Volume 30. Italian quarterly. p. 5. OCLC 1754054. «(Antonio de Ferrariis detto Galateo) He was born in Galatone in 1448 and was himself of Greek extraction - a fact that he always brought to light with singular pride.»
- ↑ Vakalopoulos, Apostolos Euangelou (1976). The Greek nation, 1453-1669: the cultural and economic background of modern Greek society. Rutgers University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780813508108. «During the fifteenth century, for example, Antonio Galateo, an eminent physician of Greek descent, who spoke Greek fluently and had a sound Greek education, described the inhabitants of Kallipoli as still conversing in their original mother tongue».
- ↑ Rawson, Elizabeth (1991). The Spartan tradition in European thought. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-19-814733-3. «Antonio de Ferraris, known as Il Galateo, spent his last years in the little Apulian town of Gallipoli, not far from what every reader of Latin poetry knew as “Lacedaemonian’ Tarentum, now Taranto. Il Galateo was a humanist, proud of the Greek traditions of his province and his own family. In the endearing description he gives of his life at Gallipoli he claims to feel himself there in Sparta or Plato’s Republic: ‘sentio enim hic aliquid Graecanicum.’…After all, he reflects, the population is probably of Lacedaemonian stock.»
- ↑ Journalists in Europe (2001). «Europ, Issues 101-106». Europ. Hors Série (Journalists in Europe): 30. ISSN 0180-7897. OCLC 633918127. «"We grew up listening to Griko, especially from our grand-parents. Our parents stopped speaking the dialect when we started going to school. They were afraid that it would be an obstacle to our progress," says Luigino Sergio. 55 years, former mayor of Martignano and now a senior local government administrator in Lecce. "It is the fault of the Italian government. In the 1960s they were speaking Griko in all the houses. Now, only 10 per cent speak it. The Italian government tried to impose the Italian language everywhere as the only formal one. But Griko was not only a language. It was also a way of living. Griki hâve their own traditions and customs. Musical groups tried to keep them as a part of our identity but when the language disappears, the same happens with the culture».
- ↑ Ashworth, Georgina (1980). World minorities in the eighties. Quartermaine House. p. 92. ISBN 9780905898117. «Vito Domenico Palumbo (1854–1918), one of the participants in the Greek Renaissance. Since 1955 cultural contacts have been renewed with Greece and two magazines have been published for the promotion of Greek culture in Italy».
- ↑ Penzl, Herbert; Rauch, Irmengard; Carr, Gerald F. (1979). Linguistic method: essays in honor of Herbert Penzl. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. p. 83. ISBN 978-9-027-97767-0. «It is difficult to state, particularly on lexical grounds, to what degree the so-called Graecanic speech of Southern Italy, which survived far into the Middle Ages and, greatly reduced, even into our times, preserves features from the koine (the colloquial Greek of late Antiquity) and to what degree its Hellenism is due to Byzantinization.»
- ↑ Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010). Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. Wiley. pp. 381–383. ISBN 978-1-405-13415-6. «14.2 The Spoken Dialects of Modern Greek... South Italian, surviving residually in isolated villages of Apulia and Calabria, apparently with many archaisms preserved from the ancient speech of Magna Graecia, despite Byzantine overlays.»
- ↑ Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010). Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. Wiley. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-405-13415-6. «Greek still remains in use in two remote and geographically separate areas, the mountainous Aspromonte region at the tip of Calabria, and the fertile Otranto peninsula south of Lecce in Puglia. The position of Greek in Calabria is now perilous (c. 500 native speakers in the traditional villages, all ealderly, though there are Greek-speaking communities of migrants in Reggio); in Puglia, by contrast, ‘Grico’ survives more strongly (c. 20,000 speakers) and there are even efforts at revival. The principal interest of these varieties, apart from providing observable examples of the process of ‘language death’, is that they have preserved a number of archaic features, including elements which were once widespread in medieval Greek before falling out of mainstream use.»
- ↑ Murzaku, Ines Angjeli (2009). Returning Home to Rome: The Basilian Monks of Grottaferrata in Albania. Analekta Kryptoferris. p. 34. ISBN 978-8-889-34504-7. «In southern Calabria, as linguistic evidence shows, the originally Greek-speaking population had been Romanized only in the Middle Ages; indeed, Greek elements consistent with pre-Roman origin in Magna Graecia, such as lexical and phonetic relics consistent with Doric rather than with Attic origin, survived.»
- ↑ Coletti, Alessandro (1995). Mafie: storia della criminalità organizzata nel Mezzogiorno. SEI. p. 28. ISBN 9788805023738. «Non è facile comunque rintracciare allo stato attuale degli studi, le vicende iniziali di quella che più tardi verrà chiamata 'ndrangheta. Il termine deriva dal dialetto grecanico, dove l'"andragathos", — o '"ndranghitu" secondo la forma fonetica innovata — designa l'individuo valido e coraggioso.»
- ↑ Giuliano Turone, Il delitto di associazione mafiosa, Milano, Giuffrè Editore, 2008, p. 87.
- ↑ Mueller, Tom: The children of Magna Graecia from True Stories (Travelers' Tales Guides)- Travelers' Tales Italy, Anne Calcagno (Editor), Jan Morris (Introduction by): p.319 ISBN 9781885211729, pub. 2001, accessed 25 October 2020
- ↑ «Encardia - The Dancing Stone». Utopolis: movies, moments and more. Archivado desde el original el 1 de enero de 2017. Consultado el 31 de diciembre de 2016.
- ↑ Tsatsou, Marianna (22 de abril de 2012). «Charity Concert Collects Medicine and Milk Instead of Selling Tickets». Greek Reporter. Consultado el 31 de diciembre de 2016.
- ↑ a b Madre, Terra (2007). Terra Madre: 1,600 Food Communities. Slow Food Editore. p. 381. ISBN 9788884991188. «Greek-speaking people (who speak griko, a dialect of Greek origin). There is a community of producers of cereals, vegetables, legumes and olives, and bread-makers who still make a traditional type of bread by hand called sceblasti.»
- ↑ Grecia Salentina la Cultura Gastronomica. Manni Editori. 2001. ISBN 9788881768486.
- ↑ Zchomelidse, Nino (2014). Art, Ritual, and Civic Identity in Medieval Southern Italy. Nino M. Zchomelidse. ISBN 978-0-271-05973-0.
- ↑ Hardy, Paula; Abigail Hole; Olivia Pozzan (2008). Puglia & Basilicata. Lonely Planet. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781741790894. «Although Bari, the last Byzantine outpost, fell to the Normans in 1071, the Normans took a fairly laissez-fair attitude to the Latinisation of Puglia..»
- ↑ Levillain, Philippe (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies. Routledge. pp. 638-639. ISBN 9780415922302. (requiere registro). «Latin bishops replaced Greeks in most sees, with the exception of Bova, Gerace, and Oppido. The Greek rite was practiced until 1537 in the Bova cathedral and until the 13th century in Santa Severina. In Rossano, in 1093, a riot kept a Latin bishop from being installed, and the see remained Greek until 1460. In Gallipoli, a Latinization attempt also failed in the early 12th century, and that see was occupied by Greeks until the 1370s. The Greek rite was practiced in Salento until the 17th century.»
- ↑ Loud, G. A. (2007). The Latin Church in Norman Italy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9780521255516. «Certainly Roger's attempt to install a Latin archbishop on the overwhelmingly Greek population at Rossano in 1093 was a complete failure. His nominee waited a year without receiving consecration, seemingly because of local opposition, and then, needing the support of the inhabitants against a rebellious Norman baron, the duke backed down and allowed the election of a Greek archbishop.»
- ↑ Hardy, Paula; Hole, Abigail; Pozzan, Olivia (2008). Puglia & Basilicata. Lonely Planet. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781741790894.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r Marcato, Gianna (2008). L'Italia dei dialetti: atti del convegno, Sappada/ Plodn (Belluno), 27 giugno-1 luglio 2007. Unipress. p. 299. ISBN 9788880982425. «L’enclave greco-calabra si estende sul territorio aspromontano della provincia di Reggio; Condofuri, Amendolea, Gallicianò, Roccaforte e il suo Chorìo, Rochudi e il suo Chorio, Bova sono i comuni della valle dell 'Amendolea, a ridosso dello stretto di Messina, la cui parlata greca, insieme a quella di Cardeto, è stata documentata a partire dal XIX secolo. Con la legge 482 del 1999, il territorio della minoranza storica si allarga a Bova Marina, Palizzi, San Lorenzo, Melito Porto Salvo, Staiti, Samo, Montebello Jonico, Bagaladi, Motta San Giovanni, Brancaleone, alla stessa città di Reggio; di queste comunità non si possiede, circa l'alloglossia, alcun dato, Per quel che riguarda l’enclave tradizionale, invece, la varieta e ormai uscita fuori dall’uso comunitario ovunque; gli studi linguistici condotti sull’area ne segnalano la progressive dismissione gia a partire dagli anni ’50. Oggi non ai puo sentire parlare in Greco che su richiesta; il dialetto romanzo e il mezzo di comunicazzione abituale.»
- ↑ Cazzato, Mario; Costantini, Antonio (1996). Grecia Salentina: Arte, Cultura e Territorio. Congedo Editore. p. 313. ISBN 88-8086-118-2. «Estensione della lingua greca verso la fine del secolo XVIII».
- ↑ a b The Academy, Volume 4. J. Murray - Princeton University. 1873. p. 198. «... Greek was also heard at Melpignano, Curse, Caprarica, Cannole, Cutrofiano, and at a more remote period at Galatina.»
- ↑ a b c Cazzato, Mario; Costantini, Antonio (1996). Grecia Salentina: Arte, Cultura e Territorio. Congedo Editore. p. 34. ISBN 88-8086-118-2. «49. Variazione territoriale della Grecía Salentina (da B. Spano)».
- ↑ Loud, G. A.; Metcalfe, Alex (2002). The society of Norman Italy. BRILL. pp. 215–216. ISBN 9789004125414. «In Calabria, a Greek-speaking population existed in Aspromonte (even until recently, a small Greek-language community survived around Bova) and, even in the thirteenth century, this extended into the plain beyond Aspromonte and into present provinces of Catanzaro and Cosenza.»
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Lüdtke, Karen (2009). Dances with spiders: crisis, celebrity and celebration in southern Italy. Berghahn Books. p. 118. ISBN 9781845454456. «The towns of the Grecia Salentina include: Calimera, Carpignano Salentino, Castrignano dei Greci, Corigliano d'Otranto, Cutrofiano, Martano, Martignano, Melpignano, Soleto, Sternatia and Zollino.»
- ↑ a b c Philological Society (Great Britain) (1968). Transactions of the Philological Society. Published for the Society by B. Blackwell. p. 493. OCLC 185468004. «In the following thirteen villages of the province of Terra d’Otranto, all belonging to the diocese of the same name, viz. Martano, Calimera, Sternatia, Martignano, Melpignano, Castrigliano, Coregliano, Soleto, Zollino, Cutrofiano, Cursi, Caprarica, and Cannole, no Albanian is heard, as has been erroneously stated, but only modern Greek, in a corrupted dialect, which, as well as the Greek of Calabria Ulteriore I., has been scientifically treated by Comparetti, by Pellegrini, and especially by Morosi.»
- ↑ a b Franco Corlianò: Griko-Italiano Italiano-Griko, Vocabolario. San Cesario di Lecce 2010
- ↑ a b Don Mauro Cassoni: Griko-Italiano, Vocabolario. Lecce 1999
- ↑ a b Commission of the European Communities, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana (1986). Linguistic minorities in countries belonging to the European community: summary report. Commission of the European Communities. p. 87. ISBN 9789282558508. «In Italy, Greek (known locally as Griko) is spoken today in two small linguistic islands of southern Italy: (a) in Puglia, in Calimera, Castrignano dei Greci, Corigliano d’Otranto, Martano, Martignano, Melpignano, Solato, Sternatia and Zolino (covering a total area of approximately 144 square kilometers… Outside this area it appears that Greek was also spoken at Taviano and Alliste, in Puglia (cf. Rohlfs). The dialects of these two linguistic islands correspond for the most part, as regards morphology, phonetics, syntax and lexis to the neoclassical dialects of Greece, but they also present some interesting archaic characteristics.»
- ↑ a b c d e f g h L'Italia dialettale (1976). L'Italia dialettale, Volume 39. Arti Grafiche Pacini Mariotti. p. 250. «Dialetto romanzi, in centric he circondano, senza allontanarsene troppo, l’area ellenofona, cioè Melpignano (dove il dialetto griko non è ancor del tutto morto), Vernole, Lecce, S. Cesario di Lecce, Squinzano, San Pietro vernotico, Cellino S. Marco, Manduria, Francavilla Fontana, Maruggio: può essere perciò legittimo pensare ad un'origine grika del verbo in questione, con estensione successiva al dialetti romani. Il neogreco presenta una serie di voci che si prestano semanticamente e foneticamente».
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Stamuli, Maria Francesca (2008). Morte di lingua e variazione lessicale nel greco di Calabria. Tre profili dalla Bovesìa. www.fedoa.unina.it/3394/. p. 12. OCLC 499021399. «Calabria meridonale - zona di lingua greca - Figura 1. L’enclave greco-calabra così come rappresentata da Rohlfs (1972: 238) - Armo Cataforio Laganadi Lubrichi Mosorrofa Paracorio Pedovoli San. Giorgio Scido Sitizzano».
- ↑ Bellinello, Pier Francesco (1998). Minoranze etniche e linguistiche. Bios. p. 53. ISBN 9788877401212. «Bova Superiore, detta Vua (Βοῦα) opp. i Chora (ἡ Χώρα «il Paese»), 827 m.s.m., già sede vescovile, Capoluogo di Mandamento e sede di Pretura».
- ↑ a b Comparetti, Domenico (1866). Saggi dei dialetti greci dell' Italia meridionale. Fratelli Nistri, Oxford University. p. vii-viii. «I dialetti greci dei quali qui diamo alcuni saggi sono parlati nelle due punte estreme del continente italiano meridionale, in Calabria cioè ed in Terra d'Otranto. Bova è il principale dei paesi greci situati nei dintorni di Reggio in Calabria; altri sono Amendolea, Galliciano, Eoccaforte, Eogudi, Condofuri, S.la Caterina, Cardeto. Oltre a questi, molti altri paesi della stessa provincia sono abitati da gente di origine greca e che fino a qualche tempo fa ha parlato greco, ma ora parla italiano. Corigliano, Martano e Calimera sono paesi greci del Leccese in Terra di Otranto, ove greci sono pure Martignano, Zollino, Sternazia, Soleto, Castrignano de' Greci.»
- ↑ a b c d Stamuli, Maria Francesca (2008). Morte di lingua e variazione lessicale nel greco di Calabria. Tre profili dalla Bovesìa. www.fedoa.unina.it/3394/. pp. 13-14. OCLC 499021399. «Nel 1929, quando la consistenza dell’enclave fu descritta e documentata linguisticamente da Rohlfs, il territorio di insediamento della minoranza grecocalabra comprendeva le comunità di Roccaforte del Greco (Vunì) e Ghorìo di Roccaforte, Condofuri, con Amendolea e Gallicianò e, più a est, Roghudi, Ghorìo di Roghudi e Bova (cfr. Figura 1). Questi paesi costituiscono l’‘enclave storica’ del greco di Calabria, intendendo con quest’accezione quell’area geografica unitaria documentata come alloglotta mediante dati linguistici raccolti sul campo a partire dalla fine dell’Ottocento. Le comunità ‘storicamente’ grecofone si arroccano a ferro di cavallo sui rilievi dell’Aspromonte occidentale, intorno alla fiumara dell’Amendolea, tra gli 820 metri di altitudine di Bova e i 358 di Amendolea. Esse si affacciano con orientamento sud-orientale sul lembo di Mar Ionio compreso tra Capo Spartivento e Capo dell’Armi, meridione estremo dell’Italia continentale (cfr. Figura 2). Un secolo prima, all’epoca del viaggio di Witte, erano ancora grecofoni anche molti paesi delle valli a occidente dell’Amendolea: Montebello, Campo di Amendolea, S. Pantaleone e il suo Ghorìo, San Lorenzo, Pentadattilo e Cardeto. Quest’ultimo è l’unico, tra i paesi citati da Witte, in cui nel 1873 Morosi potè ascoltare ancora pochi vecchi parlare la locale varietà greca. La descrizione che lo studioso fornisce di questa lingua in Il dialetto romaico di Cardeto costituisce la principale fonte oggi esistente per forme linguistiche di una varietà greco-calabra non afferente al bovese».
- ↑ Bellinello, Pier Francesco (1998). Minoranze etniche e linguistiche. Bios. p. 54. ISBN 9788877401212. «Condofuri o Condochòri (Κοντοχώρι «vicino al paese»), 350 m.s.m., comune autonomo dal 1906, era precedentemente casale di Amendolea to Chorìo)…».
- ↑ Touring club italiano (1980). Basilicata Calabria. Touring Editore. p. 652. ISBN 9788836500215. «Podàrgoni m 580, ove si conserva un tipo etnico greco inalterato;».
- ↑ Bradshaw, George (1898). Bradshaw's illustrated hand-book to Italy. p. 272. «At the head of the river, at Polistena, a Greek village, a tract of land was moved across a ravine, with hundreds of houses upon it; some of the residents Of which were unhurt; but 2000 out of a population of 6000 were killed.»
- ↑ Bellinello, Pier Francesco (1998). Minoranze etniche e linguistiche. Bios. p. 54. ISBN 9788877401212. «Roccaforte del Greco, detta Vunì (Βουνί «montagna»), adagiata sul pendìo di uno sperone roccioso che raggiunge i 935 m.s.m.,».
- ↑ Bellinello, Pier Francesco (1998). Minoranze etniche e linguistiche. Bios. p. 54. ISBN 9788877401212. «Roghudi o Richudi (ῥηχώδης «roccioso») ha 1700 ab. circa cosi distribuiti…».
- ↑ The Melbourne review. Oxford University. 1883. p. 6. «My particular object, however, in writing this paper has been to call attention to the fact that there are in certain districts of Italy, even now, certain Greek dialects surviving as spoken language. These are found, at the present day, in the two most southerly points of Italy, in Calabria and in the district of Otranto. The names of the modern Greek-speaking towns are Bova, Amendolea, Galliciano, Roccaforte, Rogudi, Condofuri, Santa Caterina, Cardeto».
- ↑ Principe, Ilario (2001). ittà nuove in Calabria nel tardo Settecento: allegato : Atlante della Calabria. Gangemi. p. 400. ISBN 9788849200492. «La sua valle, cominciando dalle alture di Sinopoli greco, fino alle parti sottoposte all'eminenza di S. Brunello per una».
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Murray, John (1890). A Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy and Sicily Volume 1. p. 281. «The high road beyond Monteleone to Mileto and Rosarno proceeds through a country called La Piana di Monteleone, having on each side numerous villages whose names bear unmistakable evidence of their Greek origin ... Among these may be mentioned Orsigliadi, lonadi, Triparni, Papaglionti, Filandari, on the rt. of the road ; and on the 1. beyond the Mesima, Stefanoconi, Paravati, lerocame, Potame, Dinami, Melicuca, Garopoli, and Calimera. Most of these colonies retain their dress, language, and national customs, but not their religion.»
- ↑ Law no. 482 of 1999 Archivado el 12 de mayo de 2015 en Wayback Machine.: "La Repubblica tutela la lingua e la cultura delle popolazioni albanesi, catalane, germaniche, greche, slovene e croate e di quelle parlanti il francese, il franco-provenzale, il friulano, il ladino, l'occitano e il sardo."
Recursos
- Stavroula Pipyrou. The Grecanici of Southern Italy: Governance, Violence, and Minority Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8122-4830-2.
Enlaces externos
Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Gricos.
- Enosi Griko, Coordination of Grecìa Salentina Associations
- Mi mu cuddise pedimmo ("Don't reproach me, my son"), a song in the Griko language performed by a local
- Franco st'Anguria, Lo "Schiacúddhi" Two plays performed in the local Greek dialect of Choriána (Corigliano d'Otranto)
- Andra mou paei a famous Griko song by Franco Corliano about immigration, with modern Greek translation, performed by Encardia. The full title of the song is "O Klama jineka u emigrantu", ("Lament of the emigrant's wife") but, commonly, the title is shortened to "Klama" and it's widely known as "Andramu pai" ("My husband goes away")
- Paleariza 2009 Bova Grico di Calabria
Videos
- Documentary on the Griko community of Salento (in Greek and Italian):
- Kalos Irtate Sti Grecia Salentina - Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4
- Documentary on the Griko Community of Calabria (Subtitles in Greek and Italian. 60mns):
- Viaggio nella Calabria Greca - Part 1,
- Part 2,
- Part 3,
- Part 4,
- Part 5,
- Part 6,
- Part 7,
- Part 8
Datos: Q5609155
Multimedia: Greek diaspora in Italy / Q5609155