Pertahanan Van (1915)

Pertahanan Van (1915)
Bagian dari Kampanye Kaukasus dan Perang Dunia I

Pejuang Armenia memegang garis pertahanan melawan pasukan Ottoman di kota bertembok Van, Mei 1915
Tanggal19 April – 17 Mei 1915
LokasiVan, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
Hasil Kemenangan bangsa Armenia, kemunduran Ottoman
Pihak terlibat
 Kesultanan Utsmaniyah Fedayi Armenia
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Kesultanan Utsmaniyah Djevdet Bey
Kesultanan Utsmaniyah Halil Bey
Kesultanan Utsmaniyah Köprülü Kâzım Bey
Kesultanan Utsmaniyah Rafael de Nogales		 Aram Manukian
Kekuatan
5,000[1] 1,300[2]
Korban
tidak diketahui tetapi berat tidak diketahui
55.000 warga sipil Armenia dibantai[3][4]

Pertahanan Van (bahasa Armenia: Վանի հերոսամարտ, translit. Vani herosamart) adalah perlawanan bersenjata penduduk Armenia di Van melawan upaya Kekaisaran Ottoman untuk membantai penduduk Armenia Utsmaniyah di Vilayet Van dalam genosida Armenia tahun 1915.[5][6] Beberapa pengamat kontemporer dan sejarawan kemudian menyimpulkan bahwa pemerintah Utsmaniyah dengan sengaja menghasut perlawanan bersenjata Armenia di kota[7][8] dan kemudian menggunakan pemberontakan ini sebagai dalih utama untuk membenarkan dimulainya deportasi dan pembantaian penduduk Armenia di seluruh kekaisaran.[9] Laporan saksi setuju bahwa sikap Armenia di Van adalah defensif dan tindakan perlawanan terhadap pembantaian.[10][11] Tindakan membela diri sering dikutip dalam literatur penyangkalan genosida Armenia; itu telah menjadi "alfa dan omega dari permohonan 'kebutuhan militer'" untuk memaafkan genosida dan menggambarkan penganiayaan terhadap penduduk Armenia sebagai hal yang dibenarkan.[12]

Referensi

  1. ^ Gilbert, Sir Martin (2004). Winter, Jay, ed. America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 14. ISBN 1139450182. 
  2. ^ Hovannisian 1997, hlm. 251.
  3. ^ Morgenthau 1918, hlm. 227.
  4. ^ Balakian 2004, hlm. 207.
  5. ^ Balakian 2004, hlm. 208.
  6. ^ Herbert Adams Gibbons, Armenia in the World War, 1926. Link Diarsipkan 2018-09-04 di Wayback Machine..
  7. ^ A-Dō (Ter Martirosyan), 1867-1954, Hovhannes (2017). Van 1915 : the great events of Vasbouragan. Sarafian, Ara. London: Gomidas Institute. hlm. 98–134. ISBN 9781909382374. OCLC 1013977931. 
  8. ^ Erickson 2001, hlm. 99.
  9. ^ Akçam 2006, hlm. 200: 'The Van uprising deserves to be examined separately, for regardless of the fact that it took place after the secret deportation and extermination decisions were made...'
  10. ^ Akçam 2007, hlm. 201.
  11. ^ Dadrian 2002, hlm. 67.
  12. ^ Ihrig, Stefan (2016). Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler. Harvard University Press. hlm. 109. ISBN 978-0-674-50479-0. Still today, this alleged uprising in Van holds a central place in the denialist and justificationalist arguments.16 It also served as a pretext and a justification for anti-Armenian measures at the time, not just in Van itself, but in general. It epitomized and once more "proved" the alleged treacherousness of the Ottoman Armenians—it became, as Vahakn Dadrian put it, "the alpha and omega of the plea of 'military necessity.' " 

Sumber

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  • ——— (2006), A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, New York: Metropolitan Books, ISBN 0-8050-7932-7 .
  • ——— (2007), A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility (edisi ke-1), New York, NY: Metropolitan Books/Holt, ISBN 978-0-80508665-2  - Profile at Google Books
  • Allen, William Edward David; Muratoff, Paul (2011), Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-01335-2 .
  • Balakian, Peter (2004), The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response, New York: Harper Collins, ISBN 0-06-055870-9 .
  • Bloxham, Donald (2005), The Great Game of Genocide, Oxford University Press 
  • Brumlik, Micha (2004), Völkermord und Kriegsverbrechen in der ersten Hälfte des 20 (dalam bahasa Jerman), Campus, ISBN 3-593-37282-7 .
  • McCarthy, Justin (1983), Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire, New York Univ Press 
  • ———; et al. (2006), The Armenian Rebellion at Van, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, ISBN 978-0-87480-870-4 .
  • Charney, Israel (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 1-4128-3965-3. 
  • Dadrian, Vahakn (February 2002), "The Armenian Question and the Wartime Fate of the Armenians as Documented by the Officials of the Ottoman Empire's World War I Allies: Germany and Austria-Hungary", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34 (1): 59–85, doi:10.1017/S0020743802001034 alt=Dapat diakses gratis .
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  • Gust, Wolfgang; Gust, Sigrid (2005), The Armenian Genocide during the First World War .
  • Herrera, Hayden (3 January 2005). Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work. Macmillan. ISBN 1-46681708-9. 
  • Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. iv. Persia: The Stepping Stone To India. New York: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-86307-181-3. 
  • Hovannisian, Richard G (1967), Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918, University of California Press . Ikon gembok hijau terbuka
  • ——— (1997), The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern TimesPerlu mendaftar (gratis), II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, Palgrave, ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5 .
  • ——— (1997b), The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, New York: St. Martin's Press .
  • ———, ed. (2000). Armenian Van/Vaspurakan. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda. ISBN 1-56859130-6. 
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