Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley
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Judul lengkap | Suatu UU Untuk memberikan pendapatan, untuk mengatur perdagangan dengan negara-negara asing, untuk mendorong industri Amerika Serikat, untuk melindungi tenaga kerja Amerika, dan untuk tujuan lainnya. |
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Julukan | Tarif Smoot-Hawley, Tarif Hawley-Smoot |
Disahkan oleh | Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-71 |
Berlaku | 13 Maret 1930 |
Kutipan | |
Public law | Pub.L. 71-361 |
Statutes at Large | ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590 |
Riwayat legislatif | |
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Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley atau Undang-Undang Tarif 1930 (dikodifikasikan pada 19 U.S.C. ch. 4), atau dikenal sebagai Tarif Smoot–Hawley atau Tarif Hawley–Smoot,[1] adalah suatu undang-undang yang diprakarsai oleh Senator Reed Smoot dan Anggota Dewan Willis C. Hawley dan disahkan menjadi undang-undang pada 17 Juni 1930. Undang-undang ini menaikkan tarif AS terhadap lebih dari 20.000 barang-barang impor.[2]
Tarif (tidak termasuk impor bebas-cukai – lihat #Lapisan tarif di bawah) menurut undang-undang ini merupakan tertinggi kedua di Amerika Serikat dalam 100 tahun, dilampaui dengan selisih kecil dari Tarif 1828.[3] UU ini dan diikuti dengan tarif balasan oleh mitra dagang Amerika membantu mengurangi ekspor dan import Amerika lebih dari setengah selama Depresi;[4] namun para ekonom tidak setuju dalam hal berapa banyaknya.
Pemrakarsa dan sejarah legislatif
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg/220px-Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg)
Pada 1922, Kongres mengesahkan Undang-Undang Tarif Fordney–McCumber yang menaikkan tarif impor.
Catatan
- ^ ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590, June 17, 1930, see 19 U.S.C. § 1654
- ^ Taussig (1931)
- ^ WWS 543: Class notes, 2/17/10, Paul Krugman, February 16, 2010, Presentation, slide 4
- ^ Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 (University of North Carolina Press, 1995, pp. 100–03)
Referensi
- Archibald, Robert B.; =Feldman, David H. (1998), "Investment During the Great Depression: Uncertainty and the Role of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Southern Economic Journal, 64 (4): 857–79, doi:10.2307/1061208, JSTOR 1061208 .
- Crucini, Mario J. (1994), "Sources of variation in real tariff rates: The United States 1900 to 1940", American Economic Review, 84 (3): 346–53, JSTOR 2118081 .
- Crucini, Mario J.; Kahn, James (1996), "Tariffs and Aggregate Economic Activity: Lessons from the Great Depression", Journal of Monetary Economics, 38 (3): 427–67, doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(96)01298-6 .
- Eckes, Alfred (1995), Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-585-02905-9 .
- Eichengreen, Barry (1989), "The Political Economy of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Research in Economic History, 12: 1–43 .
- Irwin, Douglas (1998), "The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment", Review of Economics and Statistics, 80 (2): 326–34, doi:10.1162/003465398557410 .
- Irwin, Douglas A. Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression (Princeton University Press; 2011) 244 pages
- Kaplan, Edward S. (1996), American Trade Policy: 1923–1995, London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-29480-1 .
- Kottman, Richard N. (1975), "Herbert Hoover and the Smoot–Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study", Journal of American History, 62 (3): 609–35, doi:10.2307/2936217, JSTOR 2936217 .
- Koyama, Kumiko (2009), "The Passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?", Journal of Policy History, 21 (2): 163–86, doi:10.1017/S0898030609090071 .
- Madsen, Jakob B. (2001), "Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression", Southern Economic Journal, 67 (4): 848–68, doi:10.2307/1061574, JSTOR 1061574 .
- McDonald, Judith; =O'Brien, Anthony Patrick; Callahan, Colleen (1997), "Trade Wars: Canada's Reaction to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Journal of Economic History, 57 (4): 802–26, doi:10.1017/S0022050700019549, JSTOR 2951161 .
- Merill, Milton (1990), Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics, Logan, UT: Utah State Press, ISBN 0-87421-127-1 .
- O'Brien, Anthony, "Smoot–Hawley Tariff", EH Encyclopedia, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-11-22, diakses tanggal 2017-03-15 .
- Pastor, Robert (1980), Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, 1929–1976, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03904-1 .
- Schattschneider, E. E. (1935), Politics, Pressures and the Tariff, New York: Prentice-Hall → Classic study of passage of Hawley–Smoot tariff.
- Taussig, F. W. (1931), The Tariff History of the United States (PDF) (edisi ke-8th), New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons .
- Temin, Peter (1989), Lessons from the Great Depression, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-20073-2 .
- Turney, Elaine C. Prange; Northrup, Cynthia Clark (2003), Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia .
- Irwin, Douglas (2011), Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression, Princeton University Press, hlm. 256, ISBN 978-0-691-15032-1 .
Pranala luar
- "Book Review: The Great Depression; Blame game; Was legislation sponsored by two Republicans to blame?". The Economist. London. March 24, 2011.