Baalbek
Baalbek بَعْلَبَكّcode: ar is deprecated | |
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Bandar | |
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![]() ![]() Baalbek (Bumi) | |
Koordinat: 34°0′22.81″N 36°12′26.36″E / 34.0063361°N 36.2073222°E / 34.0063361; 36.2073222Koordinat: 34°0′22.81″N 36°12′26.36″E / 34.0063361°N 36.2073222°E / 34.0063361; 36.2073222 | |
Negara | ![]() |
Kegabenoran | Baalbek-Hermel |
Daerah | Baalbek |
Pentadbiran | |
• Datuk bandar | Bachir Khodr |
Keluasan | |
• Bandar | 7 km2 (3 batu persegi) |
• Metro | 16 km2 (6 batu persegi) |
Aras | 1,170 m (3,840 ft) |
Penduduk [perlu rujukan] | |
• Bandar | 82,608 |
• Metro | 105,000 |
Zon waktu | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Musim panas (DST) | +3 |
Baalbek | |
Inskripsi | 1984 (sesi ke-8) |
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sunting · sunting di Wikidata![]() | |
Baalbek[a] (/ˈbɑːlbɛk, ˈbeɪəlbɛk/;[5] Arab: بَعْلَبَكّ, rumi: Baʿlabakkcode: ar is deprecated ; Syriac-Aramaic: ܒܥܠܒܟ) merupakan sebuah bandar yang terletak di timur Sungai Litani di Lembah Beqaa di Lubnan, kira-kira 67 km (42 bt) timur laut Beirut. Ia adalah ibu kota Kegabenoran Baalbek-Hermel.[6] Pada tahun 1998, Baalbek mempunyai populasi 82,608, kebanyakannya Muslim Syiah, diikuti oleh Muslim Sunni dan Kristian.[7] Pekan ini terkenal dengan tapak bersejarah dan tarikan pelancong, termasuk beberapa kuil Rom purba, Masjid Besar dari zaman Umayyah, dan tapak kuari Rom bernama Hajar al-Hibla.[8]
Baalbek mempunyai sejarah yang bermula sekurang-kurangnya 11,000 tahun, merangkumi zaman penting seperti zaman Prasejarah, Kanaan, Helenistik dan Rom. Selepas Alexander the Great menakluki kota itu pada 334 SM, dia menamakannya Heliopolis (Ἡλιούπολιςcode: grc is deprecated , bahasa Yunani untuk "Kota Matahari"). Kota ini berkembang pesat di bawah pemerintahan Rom. Walau bagaimanapun, ia mengalami transformasi semasa zaman Kristianisasi dan kebangkitan Islam seterusnya selepas penaklukan Arab pada abad ke-7. Dalam tempoh kemudian, bandar itu telah dirampas oleh orang Mongol dan menghadapi beberapa siri gempa bumi, mengakibatkan penurunan kepentingan semasa zaman Uthmaniyyah dan moden.[8] Bandar ini terkenal dengan runtuhan kompleks kuil Baalbek dari zaman Rom, menempatkan dua kuil Rom terbesar dan terhebat: Kuil Bacchus dan Kuil Musytari. Ia telah ditulis pada tahun 1984 sebagai tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO.
Dalam era moden, Baalbek adalah sebuah bandar yang agak kecil yang menikmati kelebihan ekonomi sebagai destinasi pelancongan yang dicari. Walau bagaimanapun, sektor pelancongan telah menghadapi cabaran akibat konflik di Lubnan, terutamanya perang saudara 1975–1990, dan perang saudara Syria yang berterusan sejak 2011.[8] Hari ini, bandar itu adalah kubu kuat pertubuhan militan Hizbullah.[9][10][11]
Bandar berkembar
Baalbek berkembar dengan:
Bari, Itali
L'Aquila, Itali
Thrake, Yunani
Yogyakarta, Indonesia.[12]
Nota
- ^ Juga dieja Ba'labek,[1] Balbec,[2] Baalbec[3] dan Baalbeck.[4]
Rujukan
- ^ Cook's (1876).
- ^ Wood (1757).
- ^ EB (1878), m/s. 176.
- ^ إتحاد بلديات غربي بعلبك [West Baalbeck Municipalities Union] (dalam bahasa Arab). 2013. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 Julai 2021. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
- ^
- Olausson, Lena (2 Ogos 2006). "How to Say: Baalbek". London: BBC. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
- "Baalbek". Merriam–Webster. 2020.
- "Baalbek". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2020.
- ^ "Mohafazah de Baalbek-Hermel". Localiban. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 21 Februari 2017. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
- ^ Wolfgang Gockel; Helga Bruns (1998). Syria – Lebanon (ed. illustrated). Hunter Publishing, Inc. m/s. 202. ISBN 9783886181056.
- ^ a b c Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021). Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (ed. 2nd). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 45–46. ISBN 978-1-5381-2043-9.
- ^ "Israeli Airstrike Hits Hezbollah Stronghold in Northeast Lebanon". Voice of America (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2024-03-23. Dicapai pada 2024-05-27.
- ^ "Israel conducts air raid on Baalbek, Hezbollah stronghold in Lebanon, sources say". Reuters. 23 April 2024.
- ^ Amun, Fadi; Hashmonai, Adi; Peleg, Bar (12 Mac 2024). "IDF strikes Hezbollah stronghold deep in Lebanon; 100 rockets fired at northern Israel". Haaretz (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
- ^ Syaifullah, M. (26 Oktober 2008). "Yogyakarta dan Libanon Bentuk Kota Kembar". Tempo Interaktif. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 18 Ogos 2009. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
Pautan luar
- Google Maps satellite view
- Panoramas of the temples at Lebanon 360 and Discover Lebanon
- Archaeological research in Baalbek from the German Archaeological Institute
- GCatholic – Latin titular see
- Baalbeck International Festival
- Baalbek Railway Station (2006) at Al Mashriq
- Hussey, J.M., penyunting (1966). The Byzantine Empire. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Smith, William; Anthon, Charles, penyunting (1862). "Heliopolis". A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography. New York: Harper & Bros. m/s. 349.
- K., T. (2010). "Baalbek". Dalam Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (penyunting). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. m/s. 115. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0.
- "Ba'albek". Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria. London: T. Cook & Son. 1876. m/s. 359–365.
- Donne, William Bodham (1878). "Helio′polis Syriae". Dalam Smith, William (penyunting). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol. I. London: John Murray. m/s. 1036–1038.
- Baynes, T. S., penyunting (1878), "Baalbec" , Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 (ed. ke-9), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, m/s. 176–178
- Hogarth, David George (1911), "Baalbek" , dalam Chisholm, Hugh (penyunting), Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris), 3 (ed. ke-11), Cambridge University Press, m/s. 89–90
- Sobernheim, Moritz (1913). "Baalbek". Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. I (ed. 1st). Leiden: E.J. Brill. m/s. 543–544. ISBN 9004082654.
- Zettersteen, K.V. (1936). "Zengī". Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples. VIII (ed. 1st). Leiden: E.J. Brill. m/s. 1224–1225. ISBN 9004097961.
- Adam, Jean-Pierre (1977). "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes" [About the Baalbeck Trilithon: The Transport and Use of the Megaliths]. Syria (dalam bahasa Perancis). 54 (1/2): 31–63. doi:10.3406/syria.1977.6623.
- Adam, Jean-Pierre; Mathews, Anthony (1999). Roman Building: Materials and Techniques. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20866-6.
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- Alouf, Michel M. (1944). History of Baalbek. Beirut: American Press. ISBN 9781585090631.
- Arastu, Rizwan (2014). God's Emissaries: Adam to Jesus. Dearborn: Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya. ISBN 978-0-692-21411-4.[pautan mati kekal]
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- Frauberger, Heinrich (1892). Die Akropolis von Baalbek [The Baalbek Acropolis] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Frankfurt: H. Keller.
- Genz, Hermann (2010). "Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon". Dalam Matthiae, Paolo; Pinnock, Frances; Marchetti, Nicolò; Nigro (penyunting). Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 5 May–10 May 2009, "Sapienza", Università di Roma. 2: Excavations, Surveys, and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 205–218. ISBN 978-3-447-06216-9.
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- Jessup, Samuel (1881). "Ba'albek". Dalam Wilson, Charles William (penyunting). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, Div. II. New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by Henry Fenn & J.D. Woodward. m/s. 453–476.
- Jidejian, Nina (1975). Baalbek: Heliopolis: "City of the Sun". Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers. ISBN 978-2-7214-5884-1.
- Kehrer, Nicole (21 November 2014). "Libanesisch-deutsches Forscherteam entdeckt weltweit größten antiken Steinblock in Baalbek" [Lebanese-German Research Team Discovers the World's Largest Ancient Stone Block in Baalbek] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Berlin: German Archaeological Institute. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 Disember 2014. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
- Köhler, Michael (2013). Hirschler, Konrad (penyunting). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades, Vol. I. Leiden: translated from the German by Peter M. Holt for Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1. ISSN 2213-1043.
- Kropp, Andreas; Lohmann, Daniel (April 2011). "'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem". m/s. 38–50. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.[pautan mati]
- Lamartine, Alphonse de (1835). Souvenirs, Impressions, Pensées, et Paysages pendant un Voyage en Orient 1832–1833 ou Notes d'un Voyageur [Remembrances, Impressions, Thoughts, and Passages concerning Travel in the Orient 1832–1833 or Notes from a Voyager] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Brussels (Bruxelles): L. Hauman.
- Lendering, Jona (2013). Baalbek (Heliopolis). Livius. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 Julai 2015. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024.
- le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
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- Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. ISBN 9781135131371.
- Lohmann, Daniel (2010). "Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis". Bolletino di Archaologia (Bulletin of Archaeology). Special: 29–30.
- Lyons, Malcolm Cameron; Jackson, David Edward Pritchett (1982). Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Oriental Publications, No. 30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31739-8.
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Bacaan lanjut
- The Entrance to the Temple of Jupiter. Washington: Library of Congress. 29 Mei 2013. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2024 – melalui World Digital Library.
- Baalbek. New York: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 September 2007.