Belägringen av Tobruk
Belägringen av Tobruk | |||||||
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Del av Ökenkriget under andra världskriget | |||||||
![]() Australiska trupper ockuperar en frontlinjeposition vid Tobruk. | |||||||
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Stridande | |||||||
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Befälhavare och ledare | |||||||
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Styrka | |||||||
27 000 man[2] | 35 000 man | ||||||
Förluster | |||||||
3 836 förluster[3][4][5][6] | Okänt 74-150 flygplan[7] |
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Belägringen av Tobruk var en konfrontation mellan Axelmakterna och de allierade styrkorna som varade i 241 dagar i Nordafrika under Ökenkriget i andra världskriget. Belägringen startade den 10 april 1941, då Tobruk anfölls av en italiensk-tysk styrka under generallöjtnant Erwin Rommel, och fortsatte under 240 dagar till 27 november 1941, då staden undsattes av den 8:e allierade armén under Operation Crusader.
Det var viktigt för de allierades försvar av Egypten och Suezkanalen att hålla staden med sin hamn, eftersom detta tvingade fienden att transportera de flesta av sina förnödenheter landvägen från hamnen i Tripoli genom 1 500 kilometer av öken, samt avdela trupper från deras framryckning. Upprepade markanfall och nästan konstant beskjutning och bombning genomfördes av axelmakterna. Den nazistiska propagandan kallade de envisa försvararna för "råttor", en term som de australiska soldaterna anammat som en ironisk komplimang.
Referenser
Noter
Litteratur
- Aitchison, Jean; Lewis, Diana M. (2003). ”Reportage, literature and willed credulity by John Carey”. New Media Language. Routledge. Sid. 62–3. ISBN 0-415-28303-5. http://books.google.com/?id=lbcM0BTL-GcC&pg=PA62&dq=commandos+bardia.
- Combes, David (2001). Morshead: Hero of Tobruk and El Alamein. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-551398-3.
- Fitzsimons, Peter (2006). Tobruk. Sydney: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-7322-7645-4.
- Harrison, Frank (1999) [1996]. Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed. Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-986-0.
- Hunt, Sir David (1990) [1966]. A Don at War (Revised). London: F. Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3383-6.
- Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). Tank Combat In North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0226-4.
- Johnston, Mark (2003). That Magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-654-1.
- Latimer, Jon (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-98287-4.
- Long, Gavin (1961) [1952]. Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume I – To Benghazi. Chapters 6 -12. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67903.
- Maughan, Barton (1966). Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume III – Tobruk and El Alamein. Chapters 4 – 9. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67905.
- McDonald, Neil (2004). Chester Wilmot Reports. Sydney: ABC Books. ISBN 0-7333-1441-4.
- Miller, Col. Ward A. (1986). The 9th Australian Division Versus the Africa Corps: An Infantry Division Against Tanks — Tobruk, Libya, 1941. Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army. http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/miller/miller.asp. Läst 9 mars 2007. Arkiverad 25 februari 2010 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.
- Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
- Murphy, W. E./Fairbrother, Monty C. (editor) (1961). The Relief of Tobruk. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Tobr-_N66107.html.
- Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J.R.M. red. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
- Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1960]. Butler, Sir James. red. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
- Rommel, Erwin (March 1982) [1953]. Liddell Hart, Basil. red. The Rommel Papers. Findlay, Paul (translator) (New). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80157-4.
- Saunders, Hilary St. George (1959) [1949]. The Green Beret: The Commandos at War. London: Four Square Books.
- Spencer, Bill (1999). In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-145-0. http://books.google.com/?id=-CO1aqmg0wcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=2/9th+battalion+in+the+african+desert.
- Toppe, Generalmajor Alfred, Historical Division, European Command (1990) [~1947] (PDF). German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II, Volume II. Washington: U. S. Marine Corps (via [1]). FMFRP12-96-II. http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/wwii/marine1/1296ii.pdf. Läst 1 december 2007.
- Wavell, Archibald (1946). Operations in the Middle East from 7th February to 15th July 1941. Wavell's Official Despatches. publicerat i London Gazette
- Chen, C. Peter. Siege of Tobruk. The Desert War. http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=258. Läst 28 april 2014.
Vidare läsning
- Beaumont, Joan (1996). Australia's War, 1939–45. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin; ISBN 1-86448-039-4.
- Glassop, Lawson (1944). We Were the Rats. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Republished by Penguin, 1992; ISBN 0-14-014924-4.
- Wilmot, Chester (1944). Tobruk 1941. Sydney: Halstead Press. Republished by Penguin, 1993; ISBN 978-0-670-07120-3.
Externa länkar
- Tobruk – Tjeckisk film angående det tjeckoslovakiska försvaret av Tobruk (2008)
- Polish Carpathian Brigade in the defence of Tobruk
- The Italian 32nd Combat Sappers Battalion
- The Bersaglieri in North Africa (2003)
- The Italian War Effort in 1941
- The Characteristic of Tobruk defence in 1941
- BBC – WW2 People's War – Siege of Tobruk
- Australian War Memorial – Siege of Tobruk