1968年美国总统选举
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![]() 选举结果地图。红色代表尼克松/阿格纽获胜的州,蓝色代表汉弗莱/马斯基获胜的州。橘色代表华莱士/李梅获胜的州。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1968年美国总统选举是美國第46屆總統選舉,由共和党的理查德·尼克松勝出。
背景
這是美國一次极度痛苦的全国性体验,包括原民主黨總統參選人、前司法部長、參議員羅伯特·肯尼迪遇刺、黑人民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金遇刺以及后来全国的种族骚乱,1968年在芝加哥舉行的民主党全国大会上的暴力及血腥鎮壓,以及遍及美国各大学校园广泛的反对越南战争的示威,甚至導致時任總統林登·约翰逊放棄競選連任,選舉氣氛充滿暴力。
这次选举还体现了前亚拉巴马州州长乔治·华莱士所代表的第三大党獨立党的坚强努力,华莱士退出民主党獨立參选,虽然华莱士的竞選活动经常被指责为宣扬种族主义,他还是证明了自己是一位强大的候选人,也是目前最后一位赢得多個州分的选举人票的第三党候选人。
而曾于1960年競選落敗的共和党人、前美國副總統理查德·尼克松復出參與競選,尼克松最終戰勝黨內多個重量級候選人,獲得共和黨提名。
結果
曾于1960年美國總統選舉競選落敗的共和党人、前美國副總統理查德·尼克松在竞选中允诺恢复“法律与秩序”,战胜民主党人、時任美國副總統休伯特·汉弗莱,艰难地赢得了选举。雖然尼克松在普選票中僅比汉弗莱贏多50萬票,如同1960年,這次是由他以微弱多數獲勝,在選舉人票中他取得301張,取得過半數而贏得選舉。
各州选请
此次选举的各州选请如下表所示。[1]
尼克松/阿格纽获胜的州及特区 |
汉弗莱/马斯基获胜的州及特区 |
华莱士/李梅获胜的州及特区 |
理查德·尼克松 共和党 | 休伯特·汉弗莱 民主党 | 乔治·华莱士 美国独立党 | 差值 | 差值 变化[a] | 总票数 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
州 | 选举人票 | # | % | 选举人票 | # | % | 选举人票 | # | % | 选举人票 | # | % | % | # | |
![]() | 10 | 146,923 | 13.99 | - | 196,579 | 18.72 | - | 691,425 | 65.86 | 10 | -494,846 | -47.13 | -83.8% | 1,049,917 | AL |
![]() | 3 | 37,600 | 45.28 | 3 | 35,411 | 42.65 | - | 10,024 | 12.07 | - | 2,189 | 2.64 | 34.5% | 83,035 | AK |
![]() | 5 | 266,721 | 54.78 | 5 | 170,514 | 35.02 | - | 46,573 | 9.56 | - | 96,207 | 19.76 | 18.8% | 486,936 | AZ |
![]() | 6 | 189,062 | 31.01 | - | 184,901 | 30.33 | - | 235,627 | 38.65 | 6 | -46,565 | -7.64 | 13.1% | 609,590 | AR |
![]() | 40 | 3,467,664 | 47.82 | 40 | 3,244,318 | 44.74 | - | 487,270 | 6.72 | - | 223,346 | 3.08 | 21.4% | 7,251,587 | CA |
![]() | 6 | 409,345 | 50.46 | 6 | 335,174 | 41.32 | - | 60,813 | 7.50 | - | 74,171 | 9.14 | 32.2% | 811,199 | CO |
![]() | 8 | 556,721 | 44.32 | - | 621,561 | 49.48 | 8 | 76,650 | 6.10 | - | -64,840 | -5.16 | 29.5% | 1,256,232 | CT |
![]() | 3 | 96,714 | 45.12 | 3 | 89,194 | 41.61 | - | 28,459 | 13.28 | - | 7,520 | 3.51 | 25.7% | 214,367 | DE |
![]() | 3 | 31,012 | 18.18 | - | 139,566 | 81.82 | 3 | - | - | - | -108,554 | -63.64 | 7.4% | 170,578 | DC |
![]() | 14 | 886,804 | 40.53 | 14 | 676,794 | 30.93 | - | 624,207 | 28.53 | - | 210,010 | 9.60 | 11.9% | 2,187,805 | FL |
![]() | 12 | 380,111 | 30.40 | - | 334,440 | 26.75 | - | 535,550 | 42.83 | 12 | -155,439 | -12.43 | -11.9% | 1,250,266 | GA |
![]() | 4 | 91,425 | 38.70 | - | 141,324 | 59.83 | 4 | 3,469 | 1.47 | - | -49,899 | -21.12 | 36.4% | 236,218 | HI |
![]() | 4 | 165,369 | 56.79 | 4 | 89,273 | 30.66 | - | 36,541 | 12.55 | - | 76,096 | 26.13 | 28.0% | 291,183 | ID |
![]() | 26 | 2,174,774 | 47.08 | 26 | 2,039,814 | 44.15 | - | 390,958 | 8.46 | - | 134,960 | 2.92 | 21.9% | 4,619,749 | IL |
![]() | 13 | 1,067,885 | 50.29 | 13 | 806,659 | 37.99 | - | 243,108 | 11.45 | - | 261,226 | 12.30 | 24.7% | 2,123,597 | IN |
![]() | 9 | 619,106 | 53.01 | 9 | 476,699 | 40.82 | - | 66,422 | 5.69 | - | 142,407 | 12.19 | 36.2% | 1,167,931 | IA |
![]() | 7 | 478,674 | 54.84 | 7 | 302,996 | 34.72 | - | 88,921 | 10.19 | - | 175,678 | 20.13 | 29.2% | 872,783 | KS |
![]() | 9 | 462,411 | 43.79 | 9 | 397,541 | 37.65 | - | 193,098 | 18.29 | - | 64,870 | 6.14 | 34.5% | 1,055,893 | KY |
![]() | 10 | 257,535 | 23.47 | - | 309,615 | 28.21 | - | 530,300 | 48.32 | 10 | -220,685 | -20.11 | -18.4% | 1,097,450 | LA |
![]() | 4 | 169,254 | 43.07 | - | 217,312 | 55.30 | 4 | 6,370 | 1.62 | - | -48,058 | -12.23 | 25.4% | 392,936 | ME |
![]() | 10 | 517,995 | 41.94 | - | 538,310 | 43.59 | 10 | 178,734 | 14.47 | - | -20,315 | -1.64 | 29.3% | 1,235,039 | MD |
![]() | 14 | 766,844 | 32.89 | - | 1,469,218 | 63.01 | 14 | 87,088 | 3.73 | - | -702,374 | -30.12 | 22.6% | 2,331,752 | MA |
![]() | 21 | 1,370,665 | 41.46 | - | 1,593,082 | 48.18 | 21 | 331,968 | 10.04 | - | -222,417 | -6.73 | 26.9% | 3,306,250 | MI |
![]() | 10 | 658,643 | 41.46 | - | 857,738 | 54.00 | 10 | 68,931 | 4.34 | - | -199,095 | -12.53 | 15.2% | 1,588,510 | MN |
![]() | 7 | 88,516 | 13.52 | - | 150,644 | 23.02 | - | 415,349 | 63.46 | 7 | -264,705 | -40.44 | -4.7% | 654,509 | MS |
![]() | 12 | 811,932 | 44.87 | 12 | 791,444 | 43.74 | - | 206,126 | 11.39 | - | 20,488 | 1.13 | 29.2% | 1,809,502 | MO |
![]() | 4 | 138,835 | 50.60 | 4 | 114,117 | 41.59 | - | 20,015 | 7.29 | - | 24,718 | 9.01 | 27.4% | 274,404 | MT |
![]() | 5 | 321,163 | 59.82 | 5 | 170,784 | 31.81 | - | 44,904 | 8.36 | - | 150,379 | 28.01 | 33.2% | 536,851 | NE |
![]() | 3 | 73,188 | 47.46 | 3 | 60,598 | 39.29 | - | 20,432 | 13.25 | - | 12,590 | 8.16 | 25.3% | 154,218 | NV |
![]() | 4 | 154,903 | 52.10 | 4 | 130,589 | 43.93 | - | 11,173 | 3.76 | - | 24,314 | 8.18 | 36.0% | 297,298 | NH |
![]() | 17 | 1,325,467 | 46.10 | 17 | 1,264,206 | 43.97 | - | 262,187 | 9.12 | - | 61,261 | 2.13 | 33.9% | 2,875,395 | NJ |
![]() | 4 | 169,692 | 51.85 | 4 | 130,081 | 39.75 | - | 25,737 | 7.86 | - | 39,611 | 12.10 | 31.1% | 327,281 | NM |
![]() | 43 | 3,007,932 | 44.30 | - | 3,378,470 | 49.76 | 43 | 358,864 | 5.29 | - | -370,538 | -5.46 | 31.8% | 6,790,066 | NY |
![]() | 13 | 627,192 | 39.51 | 12 | 464,113 | 29.24 | - | 496,188 | 31.26 | 1 | 131,004 | 8.25 | 20.6% | 1,587,493 | NC |
![]() | 4 | 138,669 | 55.94 | 4 | 94,769 | 38.23 | - | 14,244 | 5.75 | - | 43,900 | 17.71 | 33.8% | 247,882 | ND |
![]() | 26 | 1,791,014 | 45.23 | 26 | 1,700,586 | 42.95 | - | 467,495 | 11.81 | - | 90,428 | 2.28 | 28.2% | 3,959,698 | OH |
![]() | 8 | 449,697 | 47.68 | 8 | 301,658 | 31.99 | - | 191,731 | 20.33 | - | 148,039 | 15.70 | 27.2% | 943,086 | OK |
![]() | 6 | 408,433 | 49.83 | 6 | 358,866 | 43.78 | - | 49,683 | 6.06 | - | 49,567 | 6.05 | 33.8% | 819,622 | OR |
![]() | 29 | 2,090,017 | 44.02 | - | 2,259,405 | 47.59 | 29 | 378,582 | 7.97 | - | -169,388 | -3.57 | 26.6% | 4,747,928 | PA |
![]() | 4 | 122,359 | 31.78 | - | 246,518 | 64.03 | 4 | 15,678 | 4.07 | - | -124,159 | -32.25 | 29.5% | 385,000 | RI |
![]() | 8 | 254,062 | 38.09 | 8 | 197,486 | 29.61 | - | 215,430 | 32.30 | - | 38,632 | 5.79 | -12.0% | 666,982 | SC |
![]() | 4 | 149,841 | 53.27 | 4 | 118,023 | 41.96 | - | 13,400 | 4.76 | - | 31,818 | 11.31 | 22.5% | 281,264 | SD |
![]() | 11 | 472,592 | 37.85 | 11 | 351,233 | 28.13 | - | 424,792 | 34.02 | - | 47,800 | 3.83 | 14.8% | 1,248,617 | TN |
![]() | 25 | 1,227,844 | 39.87 | - | 1,266,804 | 41.14 | 25 | 584,269 | 18.97 | - | -38,960 | -1.27 | 25.6% | 3,079,406 | TX |
![]() | 4 | 238,728 | 56.49 | 4 | 156,665 | 37.07 | - | 26,906 | 6.37 | - | 82,063 | 19.42 | 29.1% | 422,568 | UT |
![]() | 3 | 85,142 | 52.75 | 3 | 70,255 | 43.53 | - | 5,104 | 3.16 | - | 14,887 | 9.22 | 41.8% | 161,404 | VT |
![]() | 12 | 590,319 | 43.36 | 12 | 442,387 | 32.49 | - | 321,833 | 23.64 | - | 147,932 | 10.87 | 18.2% | 1,361,491 | VA |
![]() | 9 | 588,510 | 45.12 | - | 616,037 | 47.23 | 9 | 96,990 | 7.44 | - | -27,527 | -2.11 | 22.5% | 1,304,281 | WA |
![]() | 7 | 307,555 | 40.78 | - | 374,091 | 49.60 | 7 | 72,560 | 9.62 | - | -66,536 | -8.82 | 27.1% | 754,206 | WV |
![]() | 12 | 809,997 | 47.89 | 12 | 748,804 | 44.27 | - | 127,835 | 7.56 | - | 61,193 | 3.62 | 28.0% | 1,691,538 | WI |
![]() | 3 | 70,927 | 55.76 | 3 | 45,173 | 35.51 | - | 11,105 | 8.73 | - | 25,754 | 20.25 | 33.4% | 127,205 | WY |
总计: | 538 | 31,783,783 | 43.42 | 301 | 31,271,839 | 42.72 | 191 | 9,901,118 | 13.53 | 46 | 511,944 | 0.70 | 23.3% | 73,199,998 | US |
影響
1968年的美国总统选举是一次政党选民重组选举(realigning election),它结束了1932年美国总统选举中开始富兰克林·罗斯福的民主党选民重组。在尼克森的「南方策略」下,共和黨從此在南方、西部及全國範圍取得優勢,結束民主黨自美國內戰以來對南方長達一個世紀的壟斷局面。
注释
- ^ 和1964年美国总统选举相比两党得票率的变化差值
参考文献
- ^ 1968 Presidential General Election Data – National. [March 18, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-07).
延伸阅读
- 白修德(White, Theodore H.):The Making of the President 1968. Pocket Books, 1970.
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