ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒
ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒![]() | |
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病毒分類 ![]() | |
(未分级): | 病毒 Virus |
域: | 核糖病毒域 Riboviria |
界: | 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae |
门: | 小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota |
纲: | 小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes |
目: | 套式病毒目 Nidovirales |
科: | 冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae |
属: | 乙型冠狀病毒屬 Betacoronavirus |
亚属: | SARS乙型冠状病毒亚属 Sarbecovirus |
种: | SARSr-CoV |
毒株: | ZC45病毒與ZXC21病毒 ZC45;ZXC21 |
ZC45病毒(SL-CoV ZC45)與ZXC21病毒(SL-CoV ZXC21),被部分媒體稱為舟山蝙蝠病毒[1],皆為嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症相關冠狀病毒(SARSr-CoV)的病毒株,在中國浙江舟山的小菊頭蝠樣本中發現,於2018年發表。這兩個病毒株屬於SARS-CoV-2的演化支[2],全基因組核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2的相似度約為88%[3][4],與SARS-CoV的相似度則約為81%[5]。
發現
2015年至2017年間,研究人員在浙江舟山採集334隻小菊頭蝠樣本,發現其中含有多種冠狀病毒序列,其中有兩個新病毒株(即ZC45與ZXC21)的基因組被完整定序,分別長29802與29732nt,彼此基因組序列相似度為97%。這兩個病毒株的基因組序列與SARS-CoV相似度約為81%,刺突蛋白(S)胺基酸序列和SARS-CoV的相似度則為77%,皆低於Rs3367等數種較早發現的蝙蝠SARSr-CoV和SARS-CoV的相似度,且兩病毒刺突蛋白的S1次單元胺基酸序列和其他蝙蝠SARSr-CoV差異較大,與其相似度最高者(Rs806)亦僅有83%。動物實驗顯示ZC45病毒可感染實驗大鼠,在多個器官造成發炎,其中以腦組織最為明顯[5]。
與SARS-CoV-2的相似
2020年1月,2019冠狀病毒病疫情甫爆發後,研究人員定序SARS-CoV-2的基因組,發現ZC45與ZXC21是當時已知核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2相似度最高的病毒,約有88%[註 1],高於SARS-CoV-2與SARS-CoV相似度的82%[2],共同組成一演化支,不過兩病毒與與SARS-CoV-2在刺突蛋白的相似度較低,核酸序列的相似度約為75%,其中在S2次單元的相似度比S1次單元的高許多,在位於S1末端、與宿主細胞受體結合的受體結合結構域(receptor binding domain, RBD)相似度僅約60%,低於SARS-CoV-2與SARS-CoV在此的相似度(約74%)[4][6]。
爭議
2020年9月,前香港大學病毒學研究員閆麗夢在美國發表未經同行評審的論文,指控SARS-CoV-2並非自然產生,而是在實驗室經改造ZC45與ZXC21(或稱「舟山蝙蝠病毒」)而成的人造病毒,論文指出SARS-CoV-2基因組中的許多特徵不見於其他冠狀病毒,且ZC45與ZXC21的序列和其「十分相似」,很可能是製作SARS-CoV-2的來源模板,而與SARS-CoV-2關係接近、但在疫情爆發後才發表的RaTG13病毒、RmYN02病毒與穿山甲冠狀病毒可能為虛構[7][8]。此論文的可信度受到諸多學者批評[9],許多病毒學家表示ZC45與ZXC21和SARS-CoV-2的序列差異大於10%,約有3500個鹼基不同,差異已大到幾乎不可能為人工製造[10],有學者並形容此論文為垃圾科學[11]。
演化樹
SARS-CoV-2與相關病毒株的系統發生樹[12][13] :
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SARS-CoV 79% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
註腳
參考文獻
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