Condado de Treviño
![Coat of arms of Condado de Treviño, Spain](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Emblem_of_Condado_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Condado_de_Trevi%C3%B1o.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Condado_de_Trevi%C3%B1o%2C_Spain_location.png/250px-Condado_de_Trevi%C3%B1o%2C_Spain_location.png)
Condado de Treviño ("County of Treviño") is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is surrounded by the province of Álava, part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. The seat of the municipality is Treviño.
As of 2015, the municipality had a population of 1,362.[2]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mapa_Trevi%C3%B1o_en_Burgos.jpg/150px-Mapa_Trevi%C3%B1o_en_Burgos.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Alava_-_Mapa_municipal.svg/150px-Alava_-_Mapa_municipal.svg.png)
An abundance of prehistoric remains testify that the Condado de Treviño has been inhabited since ancient times. In pre-Roman times, the Varduls, Caristios and Autrigones all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
In the hamlet of Laño one can still see artificial caves that were inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago. The Las Gobas caves preserve inscriptions and drawings of animals.[3]
Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño was founded some time between 1151 and 1161 by Navarrese king Sancho VI ("Sancho El Sabio", "Sancho the Wise"). In 1200 it was conquered by Alfonso VIII of Castile.
As a crossroads in the Middle Ages, the city of Treviño had an important Jewish quarter. Another early village was Sáseta on the Camino del Vino y el Pescado, the "road of wine and fish" that connected the Ebro valley to the Cantabrian coast.
On 8 April 1366, Henry II of Castile ceded to Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of Treviño de Uda and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the Condado de Treviño as Gómez Manrique, the great-grandson of Pedro Manrique was given the title of Count. The Catholic Monarchs would later (in 1483) grant the title of Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ayuntamiento (town hall) of the municipality.
Under the 1785 territorial disposition by the Count of Floridablanca, the Condado de Treviño formed part of the partido de Miranda de Ebro; it was divided into the town of Treviño and four cuadrillas: the Cuadrilla de Abajo, the Cuadrilla de río Somoayuda, Cuadrilla de Val de Lauri and the Cuadrilla de Val de Tobera.
The enclave
After Castile conquered Álava (1200), most of the region was left under the relatively egalitarian fueros typical of the Basque Country. Treviño was not. However, reportedly Treviño was annexed to Castile somewhat later after the fall of Vitoria-Gasteiz. First a royal seigneury, and later under the rule of a noble family, Treviño remained tied to Castile. In 1358 and 1417 Treviño joined the fraternities made up of several towns in the heartland and fringes of Álava, the core of the present-day province. However, the Castilian king, failing to honour his oaths, assigned Treviño to the Manrique de Lara aristocrats, to become to counts of Treviño (County in 1453).
The county made several petitions for its reincorporation to Álava. The first took place in 1646, led by the members and representatives of the local council backed up by 390 supportive signatures (households) from 44 spots all across the county, when the petition was turned down by the Crown of Castile and probably the count. The enclave of Treviño was one of the few enclaves preserved in the 1833 territorial division of Spain, an island of Old Castile in the midst of Álava. Two further attempts ensued for the re-incorporation to Álava before the Civil War, 1917–19 and 1936, both within the context of the works to design a Basque statute of autonomy.
In 1998 a referendum was held to poll its inhabitants on the possible attachment of the county to the province of Álava. The votation resulted in a turnout of 76% with a 68% advocating to join Álava. A like referendum was held first time in 1940 just after the civil war, with a 98% of the voters supporting the same option, which nowadays is backed primarily, but not only, by Basque nationalists. The Regional Council of Castile and León has opposed in modern times any such popular consultations on the matter or any binding effect of its results.
Politics
The municipal elections of 2015 in the Condado de Treviño gave 2 council seats to independent "Ciudadanos del Condado" (Citizens of the Condado), 2 to the also independent (and pro-Basque) Agrupación Electoral Independiente del Condado de Treviño (Independent Group of the Condado de Trebiño), 2 to the centre-right People's Party, one for the independent "Condado para todos" (Condado for All), one to the left-wing Basque nationalist Euskal Herria Bildu, one to the centre-right Basque Nationalist Party and none to the centre-left Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.[4]
Demography
Añastro, Pariza and the above-mentioned Sáseta were once independent municipalities. Beginning with the 1857 census, the figures for the municipality of Condado de Treviño incorporate Pariza and Sáseta; beginning with the census of 1930 it incorporates Añastro as well. The adjacent La Puebla de Arganzón forms part of the same enclave, but remains a municipality in its own right.
1842 | 1857 | 1860 | 1877 | 1887 | 1897 | 1900 | 1910 | 1920 |
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1940 | 4440 | 4393 | 3865 | 3801 | 3684 | 3701 | 3622 | 3694 |
1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2008 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3946 | 3729 | 3554 | 2926 | 2182 | 1346 | 907 | 1139 | 1399 |
Hamlets and towns
As can be seen from the numbers in the previous section, throughout most of the second half of the 20th century the population of Condado de Treviño declined steadily. Most of the population was moving to Vitoria, and in 1974 several pedanías—hamlets—ceased to have any formal existence and were simply aggregated into Treviño. The following juntas vecinales—local governments—were dissolved that year: Ajarte, Araico, Ascarza, Burgueta, Dordóniz, Grandival, Meana, Mesanza, Moscador, Pedruzo, Samiano, San Martín de Galvarín, San Vicentejo, Sáseta, and Zurbitu.
As of 2008 there are 36 minor local entities, the status within the autonomous community of Castile and León for a recognized community smaller than a municipality. They are as follows:[5]
In addition, the following hamlets have no formal status:
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Heritage sites and other places of interest
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trevi%C3%B1o_Pueblo_02.jpg/220px-Trevi%C3%B1o_Pueblo_02.jpg)
Four sites within Condado de Treviño are formally recognized by the Spanish Ministry of Culture as part of Spain's Patrimonio Histórico (literally "historic patrimony", heritage sites):
- The Cuevas de Laño, artificial caves inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago, declared part of the Patrimonio Histórico 23 June 1978.
- The prehistoric caves of "Montico" in Albaina, declared 21 August 1976.
- The artistic-historic assemblage of the town of Treviño, declared 28 September 1983.
- Ermita (Hermitage) de la Purísima Concepción, in San Vicentejo, declared 11 March 1994.
- Source:[6]
Other places of interest include the forests of Obécuri and Bajauri; Izki Natural Park, with the largest massing of Quercus pyrenaica in Europe; the gorge of the river Ayuda; the route from Sáseta to Oquina, crossing Laño-Laguardia; the Aguillo-Ajarte crossing of Palogán mountain; the town of Pariza; the town of Cucho, whose buildings have been completely restored; and the hermitages of San Formerio, San Vicentejo, Ermita de Albaina, and Ermita de Pariza.
Towns of Condado de Treviño
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gasteizmendiak.jpg/800px-Gasteizmendiak.jpg)
- Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño
- San Andrés Church (16th century) in Añastro
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- Arrieta (Burgos)
- A street in Arrieta
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- Invención de la Santa Cruz Church in Cucho
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- Franco town.
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- The abandoned town of Ochate, with the tower of the ancient San Miguel Church
- Asunción de Nuestra Señora Church in Ozana
- La Concepción Hermitage (12th century) in San Vicentejo
- San Andrés Church (12th century) in Saraso
- Late Romanesque church in Uzquiano
Notes
- ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
- ^ INE.
- ^ (in Spanish) Francisco Góngora, Las Gobas de Laño (Treviño). Capadocia alavesa, El Correo (Bilbao), 2007-11-16. Fecha de acceso 2010-01-01.
- ^ Infoelectoral. Ministerio del Interior.
- ^ (in Spanish) Relación de Entidades Locales Menores, Autonomous Government of Castile and León.
- ^ (in Spanish) Ministerio de Cultura/Base de datos de bienes inmuebles
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- Abajas
- Adrada de Haza
- Aguas Cándidas
- Aguilar de Bureba
- Albillos
- Alcocero de Mola
- Alfoz de Bricia
- Alfoz de Quintanadueñas
- Alfoz de Santa Gadea
- Altable
- Ameyugo
- Anguix
- Aranda de Duero
- Arandilla
- Arauzo de Miel
- Arauzo de Salce
- Arauzo de Torre
- Arcos de la Llana
- Arenillas de Riopisuerga
- Arija
- Arlanzón
- Arraya de Oca
- Atapuerca
- Avellanosa de Muñó
- Bahabón de Esgueva
- Barbadillo de Herreros
- Barbadillo del Mercado
- Barbadillo del Pez
- Barrio de Muñó
- Barrios de Colina
- Basconcillos del Tozo
- Bascuñana
- Baños de Valdearados
- Bañuelos de Bureba
- Belbimbre
- Belorado
- Berberana
- Berlangas de Roa
- Berzosa de Bureba
- Bozoó
- Brazacorta
- Briviesca
- Bugedo
- Buniel
- Burgos
- Busto de Bureba
- Cabañes de Esgueva
- Cabezón de la Sierra
- Caleruega
- Campillo de Aranda
- Campolara
- Canicosa de la Sierra
- Cantabrana
- Carazo
- Carcedo de Bureba
- Carcedo de Burgos
- Cardeñadijo
- Cardeñajimeno
- Cardeñuela Riopico
- Carrias
- Cascajares de Bureba
- Cascajares de la Sierra
- Castellanos de Castro
- Castil de Peones
- Castildelgado
- Castrillo Mota de Judíos
- Castrillo de Riopisuerga
- Castrillo de la Reina
- Castrillo de la Vega
- Castrillo del Val
- Castrojeriz
- Cavia
- Cayuela
- Cebrecos
- Celada del Camino
- Cerezo de Río Tirón
- Cerratón de Juarros
- Ciadoncha
- Cillaperlata
- Cilleruelo de Abajo
- Cilleruelo de Arriba
- Ciruelos de Cervera
- Cogollos
- Condado de Treviño
- Contreras
- Coruña del Conde
- Covarrubias
- Cubillo del Campo
- Cubo de Bureba
- Cuevas de San Clemente
- Encío
- Espinosa de Cervera
- Espinosa de los Monteros
- Espinosa del Camino
- Estépar
- Fontioso
- Frandovínez
- Fresneda de la Sierra Tirón
- Fresneña
- Fresnillo de las Dueñas
- Fresno de Rodilla
- Fresno de Río Tirón
- Frías
- Fuentebureba
- Fuentecén
- Fuentelcésped
- Fuentelisendo
- Fuentemolinos
- Fuentenebro
- Fuentespina
- Galbarros
- Grijalba
- Grisaleña
- Gumiel de Izán
- Gumiel de Mercado
- Hacinas
- Haza
- Hontanas
- Hontangas
- Hontoria de Valdearados
- Hontoria de la Cantera
- Hontoria del Pinar
- Hornillos del Camino
- Hortigüela
- Hoyales de Roa
- Huerta de Arriba
- Huerta de Rey
- Humada
- Hurones
- Huérmeces
- Ibeas de Juarros
- Ibrillos
- Iglesiarrubia
- Iglesias
- Isar
- Itero del Castillo
- Jaramillo Quemado
- Jaramillo de la Fuente
- Junta de Traslaloma
- Junta de Villalba de Losa
- Jurisdicción de Lara
- Jurisdicción de San Zadornil
- La Cueva de Roa
- La Gallega
- La Horra
- La Puebla de Arganzón
- La Revilla y Ahedo
- La Sequera de Haza
- La Vid de Bureba
- La Vid y Barrios
- Las Hormazas
- Las Quintanillas
- Lerma
- Llano de Bureba
- Los Altos
- Los Ausines
- Los Balbases
- Los Barrios de Bureba
- Madrigal del Monte
- Madrigalejo del Monte
- Mahamud
- Mambrilla de Castrejón
- Mambrillas de Lara
- Mamolar
- Manciles
- Mazuela
- Mecerreyes
- Medina de Pomar
- Melgar de Fernamental
- Merindad de Cuesta Urria
- Merindad de Montija
- Merindad de Río Ubierna
- Merindad de Sotoscueva
- Merindad de Valdeporres
- Merindad de Valdivielso
- Milagros
- Miranda de Ebro
- Miraveche
- Modúbar de la Emparedada
- Monasterio de Rodilla
- Monasterio de la Sierra
- Moncalvillo
- Monterrubio de la Demanda
- Montorio
- Moradillo de Roa
- Nava de Roa
- Navas de Bureba
- Nebreda
- Neila
- Olmedillo de Roa
- Olmillos de Muñó
- Oquillas
- Orbaneja Riopico
- Oña
- Padilla de Abajo
- Padilla de Arriba
- Padrones de Bureba
- Palacios de Riopisuerga
- Palacios de la Sierra
- Palazuelos de Muñó
- Palazuelos de la Sierra
- Pampliega
- Pancorbo
- Pardilla
- Partido de la Sierra en Tobalina
- Pedrosa de Duero
- Pedrosa de Río Úrbel
- Pedrosa del Príncipe
- Pedrosa del Páramo
- Peñaranda de Duero
- Peral de Arlanza
- Piérnigas
- Pineda Trasmonte
- Pineda de la Sierra
- Pinilla Trasmonte
- Pinilla de los Barruecos
- Pinilla de los Moros
- Poza de la Sal
- Prádanos de Bureba
- Pradoluengo
- Presencio
- Puentedura
- Quemada
- Quintana del Pidio
- Quintanabureba
- Quintanaélez
- Quintanaortuño
- Quintanapalla
- Quintanar de la Sierra
- Quintanavides
- Quintanilla San García
- Quintanilla Vivar
- Quintanilla de la Mata
- Quintanilla del Agua y Tordueles
- Quintanilla del Coco
- Rabanera del Pinar
- Rábanos
- Rabé de las Calzadas
- Rebolledo de la Torre
- Redecilla del Camino
- Redecilla del Campo
- Regumiel de la Sierra
- Reinoso
- Retuerta
- Revilla Vallejera
- Revilla del Campo
- Revillarruz
- Rezmondo
- Riocavado de la Sierra
- Roa de Duero
- Rojas
- Royuela de Río Franco
- Rubena
- Rublacedo de Abajo
- Rucandio
- Salas de Bureba
- Salas de los Infantes
- Saldaña de Burgos
- Salinillas de Bureba
- San Adrián de Juarros
- San Juan del Monte
- San Mamés de Burgos
- San Martín de Rubiales
- San Millán de Lara
- San Vicente del Valle
- Santa Cecilia
- Santa Cruz de la Salceda
- Santa Cruz del Valle Urbión
- Santa Gadea del Cid
- Santa Inés
- Santa María Ribarredonda
- Santa María del Campo
- Santa María del Invierno
- Santa María del Mercadillo
- Santa Olalla de Bureba
- Santibáñez de Esgueva
- Santibáñez del Val
- Santo Domingo de Silos
- Sargentes de la Lora
- Sarracín
- Sasamón
- Solarana
- Sordillos
- Sotillo de la Ribera
- Sotragero
- Sotresgudo
- Susinos del Páramo
- Tamarón
- Tardajos
- Tejada
- Terradillos de Esgueva
- Tinieblas de la Sierra
- Tobar
- Tordómar
- Torrecilla del Monte
- Torregalindo
- Torrelara
- Torrepadre
- Torresandino
- Tosantos
- Trespaderne
- Tubilla del Agua
- Tubilla del Lago
- Tórtoles de Esgueva
- Úrbel del Castillo
- Vadocondes
- Valdeande
- Valdezate
- Valdorros
- Vallarta de Bureba
- Valle de Losa
- Valle de Manzanedo
- Valle de Mena
- Valle de Oca
- Valle de Santibáñez
- Valle de Sedano
- Valle de Tobalina
- Valle de Valdebezana
- Valle de Valdelaguna
- Valle de Valdelucio
- Valle de Zamanzas
- Valle de las Navas
- Vallejera
- Valles de Palenzuela
- Valluércanes
- Valmala
- Vileña
- Villadiego
- Villaescusa de Roa
- Villaescusa la Sombría
- Villaespasa
- Villafranca Montes de Oca
- Villafruela
- Villagalijo
- Villagonzalo Pedernales
- Villahoz
- Villalba de Duero
- Villalbilla de Burgos
- Villalbilla de Gumiel
- Villaldemiro
- Villalmanzo
- Villamayor de Treviño
- Villamayor de los Montes
- Villambistia
- Villamedianilla
- Villamiel de la Sierra
- Villangómez
- Villanueva de Argaño
- Villanueva de Carazo
- Villanueva de Gumiel
- Villanueva de Teba
- Villaquirán de la Puebla
- Villaquirán de los Infantes
- Villarcayo de Merindad de Castilla la Vieja
- Villariezo
- Villasandino
- Villasur de Herreros
- Villatuelda
- Villaverde del Monte
- Villaverde-Mogina
- Villayerno Morquillas
- Villazopeque
- Villegas
- Villoruebo
- Viloria de Rioja
- Vilviestre del Pinar
- Vizcaínos
- Zael
- Zarzosa de Río Pisuerga
- Zazuar
- Zuñeda
![Flag of province of Burgos](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_Burgos_Province.svg/50px-Flag_Burgos_Province.svg.png)
42°44′06″N 2°44′49″W / 42.735°N 2.747°W / 42.735; -2.747