Ikwerre language
Ikwerre language spoken in Nigeria
- Ikwerre people
Native speakers
Language family
Niger–Congo?
- Atlantic–Congo
- Volta–Niger
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Ikwerre, sometimes spelled Ikwere, or ikwerri,[2] is an Igboid language spoken primarily by the Ikwerre people, who inhabit certain areas of Rivers State, Nigeria.
Classification
The Ikwerre language is classified as an Igboid language. Based on lexicostatistical analysis, Kay Williamson first asserted that the Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Ogba, Etche and other Igbo languages belonged to the same language cluster, and were not dialects.[3] After subsequent studies and more research by both Williamson and Roger Blench, it was concluded that Igboid languages like Ikwerre, Ogba and their sister languages apart from Ekpeye form a "language cluster" and that they are somewhat mutually intelligible.[4]
Phonology
Vowels
Ikwerre distinguishes vowels by quality (frontedness and height), the presence or absence of nasalization, and the presence or absence of advanced tongue root.
Front Back High +ATR i ĩ u ũ −ATR ɪ ɪ̃ ʊ ʊ̃ Mid +ATR e ẽ o õ −ATR ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ Low −ATR a ã There is also a vowel */ə̃/ which is posited to explain syllabic nasal consonants in accounts of the language which state that Ikwerre has no nasal stops. This sound is realized as [ɨ̃] or a syllabic nasal which is homorganic to the following consonant.
Vowel harmony
Ikwerre exhibits two kinds of vowel harmony:
- Every vowel in an Ikwerre word, with a few exceptions, agrees with the other vowels in the word as to the presence or absence of advanced tongue root.
- Vowels of the same height in adjacent syllables must all be either front or back, i.e. the pairs /i/ & /u/, /ɪ/ & /ʊ/, /e/ & /o/, and /ɛ/ & /ɔ/ cannot occur in adjacent syllables. Vowels of different heights, however, need not match for frontness/backness either. This doesn't apply to the first vowel in nouns beginning with a vowel or with /ɾ/, and doesn't apply to onomatopoeic words.
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar
or palatalVelar Glottal unrounded rounded unrounded rounded Plosive
or Affricatevoiceless p t tʃ k kʷ voiced b d dʒ ɡ ɡʷ Fricative voiceless f s voiced v z Non-plosive stop plain ḅ~m glottalized ʼḅ~ʼm Tap ɾ~ɾ̃ Approximant l~n j~j̃ ɰ~ɰ̃ w~w̃ h~h̃ hʷ~h̃ʷ The oral consonants [ḅ ʼḅ l ɾ j ɰ w h hʷ] occur before oral vowels, and their nasal allophones [m ʼm n ɾ̃ ȷ̃ ɰ̃ w̃ h̃ h̃ʷ] before nasal vowels. The "non-explosive stops" [ḅ ʼḅ] are not plosives (not pulmonic) and are equivalent to implosives in other varieties of Igbo.
The tap /ɾ/ may sometimes be realized as an approximant [ɹ].
Tone
Ikwerre is a tonal language with seven tones: high, mid, low, high-low falling, high-mid falling, mid-low falling and rising. Ikwerre also has a tonal downdrift. For example: rínya᷆ (high, mid-low falling) means "weight, heaviness", rìnyâ (low, high-low falling) means "female, wife", mụ̌ (rising) means "to learn", mụ̂ (high-low falling) means "to give birth", etc.
References
- ^ Alagoa, Ebiegberi Joe; Anozie, F. N.; Nzewunwa, Nwanna (1988). The early history of the Niger Delta. Buske Verlag. p. 81. ISBN 3-87118-848-4.
- ^ "Collections Online | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
- ^ Williamson, Kay (1974). ODUMA: The Lower Niger Languages. Vol. 1. Rivers State Council of Arts & Culture, Port Harcourt.
- ^ Williamson, Kay; Roger M. Blench (2000). African languages: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.
- Clements, George N.; Osu, Sylvester (2005). "Nasal harmony in Ikwere, a language with no phonemic nasal consonants". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 26 (2): 165–200. doi:10.1515/jall.2005.26.2.165. S2CID 144317723.
- Williamson, Kay (1970). Reading and writing Ikwerre. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies.
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- Volta–Niger
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