Mundang language
Mundang | |
---|---|
zah Mundaŋ | |
Native to | Chad, Cameroon |
Native speakers | (400,000 cited 1982–2019)[1] |
Language family | Niger–Congo?
|
Dialects |
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | mua |
Glottolog | mund1325 |
Mundang is an Mbum language of southern Chad and northern Cameroon.
The Gelama dialect of Cameroon may be a separate language.
Distribution
Mundang, spoken in Cameroon by 44,700 speakers (SIL 1982), is mainly spoken in Mayo-Kani department, Far North Region, in the communes of Mindif, Moulvouday, and Kaélé. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in the south of Mayo-Kebi, in the east of Bibemi commune (Bénoué department, Northern Region), towards the Chadian border. Mundang of Lere (in Chad) and Mundang of Cameroon (centered in Lara and Kaélé) are highly similar.[2]
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | k͡p | ʔ |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɡ͡b | ||
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | ||
implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ||||
Nasal | voiced | m | n | ŋ | |||
glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | |||||
Tap | ⱱ | ɾ | |||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Glide | central | j | w | ||||
glottalized | ʔj | ʔw |
- /ɓ, ɗ/ may also be heard as laryngealized [ɓ̰, ɗ̰] among speakers.
- /ʔw/ can also be heard as two laryngealized allophones [ʔv̰, ʔw̰].
- Sounds /ɓ, k/ may be heard as fricatives [β, ɣ] in intervocalic positions.
- /h, w/ may be heard as palatal [ç, ɥ] when preceding /i/.
- /ɾ/ can also range to a retroflex [ɽ] among dialects or a trill [r] when geminated.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | ə | u uː |
Near-close | ɪ ɪː | ʊ ʊː | |
Close-mid | e eː | o oː | |
Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | |
Open | a aː |
- /ə/ may also range to a close [ɨ].[3][4]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | ĩ ĩː | ũː | |
Near-close | ɪ̃ ɪ̃ː | ʊ̃ː | |
Open-mid | ɛ̃ː | ɔ̃ː | |
Open | ã ãː |
Writing System
Majuscules | A | B | Ɓ | C | D | Ɗ | E | Ə | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minuscules | a | b | ɓ | c | d | ɗ | e | ə | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | y | z |
Nasalization is marked by a tilde: ã, ẽ, ə̃, ĩ, õ
References
- ^ Mundang at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
- ^ Elders, Stefan (2000). Grammaire Mundang. Leiden University.
- ^ Elders, Stefan (2006). Issues in comparative Kebi-Benue (Adamawa). In Africana Linguistica 12. pp. 37–88.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Leko |
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Duru | |||||
Mumuye–Yendang |
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Other |
Bikwin–Jen | |
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Bena–Mboi (Yungur) | |
Other |
Mbum | |
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Kim | |
Bua | |
Other |
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