Nuclear operators between Banach spaces
In mathematics, nuclear operators between Banach spaces are a linear operators between Banach spaces in infinite dimensions that share some of the properties of their counter-part in finite dimension. In Hilbert spaces such operators are usually called trace class operators and one can define such things as the trace. In Banach spaces this is no longer possible for general nuclear operators, it is however possible for -nuclear operator via the Grothendieck trace theorem.
The general definition for Banach spaces was given by Grothendieck. This article presents both cases but concentrates on the general case of nuclear operators on Banach spaces.
Nuclear operators on Hilbert spaces
An operator on a Hilbert space is compact if it can be written in the form[citation needed] where and and are (not necessarily complete) orthonormal sets. Here is a set of real numbers, the set of singular values of the operator, obeying if
The bracket is the scalar product on the Hilbert space; the sum on the right hand side must converge in norm.
An operator that is compact as defined above is said to be nuclear or trace-class if
Properties
A nuclear operator on a Hilbert space has the important property that a trace operation may be defined. Given an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space, the trace is defined as
Obviously, the sum converges absolutely, and it can be proven that the result is independent of the basis[citation needed]. It can be shown that this trace is identical to the sum of the eigenvalues of (counted with multiplicity).
Nuclear operators on Banach spaces
The definition of trace-class operator was extended to Banach spaces by Alexander Grothendieck in 1955.
Let and be Banach spaces, and be the dual of that is, the set of all continuous or (equivalently) bounded linear functionals on with the usual norm. There is a canonical evaluation map (from the projective tensor product of and to the Banach space of continuous linear maps from to ). It is determined by sending and to the linear map An operator is called nuclear if it is in the image of this evaluation map.[1]
q-nuclear operators
An operator is said to be nuclear of order if there exist sequences of vectors with functionals with and complex numbers with such that the operator may be written as with the sum converging in the operator norm.
Operators that are nuclear of order 1 are called nuclear operators: these are the ones for which the series is absolutely convergent. Nuclear operators of order 2 are called Hilbert–Schmidt operators.
Relation to trace-class operators
With additional steps, a trace may be defined for such operators when
Properties
The trace and determinant can no longer be defined in general in Banach spaces. However they can be defined for the so-called -nuclear operators via Grothendieck trace theorem.
Generalizations
More generally, an operator from a locally convex topological vector space to a Banach space is called nuclear if it satisfies the condition above with all bounded by 1 on some fixed neighborhood of 0.
An extension of the concept of nuclear maps to arbitrary monoidal categories is given by Stolz & Teichner (2012). A monoidal category can be thought of as a category equipped with a suitable notion of a tensor product. An example of a monoidal category is the category of Banach spaces or alternatively the category of locally convex, complete, Hausdorff spaces; both equipped with the projective tensor product. A map in a monoidal category is called thick if it can be written as a composition for an appropriate object and maps where is the monoidal unit.
In the monoidal category of Banach spaces, equipped with the projective tensor product, a map is thick if and only if it is nuclear.[2]
Examples
Suppose that and are Hilbert-Schmidt operators between Hilbert spaces. Then the composition is a nuclear operator.[3]
See also
- Topological tensor product – Tensor product constructions for topological vector spaces
- Nuclear operator – Linear operator related to topological vector spaces
- Nuclear space – A generalization of finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces different from Hilbert spaces
References
- ^ Schaefer & Wolff (1999, Chapter III, §7)
- ^ Stolz & Teichner (2012, Theorem 4.26)
- ^ Schaefer & Wolff 1999, p. 177.
- A. Grothendieck (1955), Produits tensoriels topologiques et espace nucléaires,Mem. Am. Math.Soc. 16. MR0075539
- A. Grothendieck (1956), La theorie de Fredholm, Bull. Soc. Math. France, 84:319–384. MR0088665
- A. Hinrichs and A. Pietsch (2010), p-nuclear operators in the sense of Grothendieck, Mathematische Nachrichen 283: 232–261. doi:10.1002/mana.200910128. MR2604120
- G. L. Litvinov (2001) [1994], "Nuclear operator", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
- Schaefer, H. H.; Wolff, M. P. (1999), Topological vector spaces, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 3 (2 ed.), Springer, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1468-7, ISBN 0-387-98726-6
- Stolz, Stephan; Teichner, Peter (2012), "Traces in monoidal categories", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 364 (8): 4425–4464, arXiv:1010.4527, doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-2012-05615-7, MR 2912459
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