Isotopen van wolfraam
Het chemisch element wolfraam (W), met een atoommassa van 183,84(1) u, bezit 4 stabiele isotopen: 182W, 183W, 184W en 186W, waarvan de voorlaatste het meest abundant is (ongeveer 30,6%). Daarnaast komt in de natuur ook de radio-isotoop 180W voor, die een halfwaardetijd van 1,8 triljoen jaar bezit. Het is tevens een primordiaal radionuclide. De overige 29 radio-isotopen zijn onstabiel en hebben een relatief korte halfwaardetijd (de meeste minder dan een half uur).
De kortstlevende isotoop van wolfraam is 158W, met een halfwaardetijd van ongeveer 1,37 milliseconden. De langstlevende is 180W, met een halfwaardetijd van 1,8 triljoen jaar.
Overzicht
Nuclide | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopische massa (u) | Halveringstijd | Radioactief verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopische verhouding (molfractie) | Natuurlijk voorkomen (molfractie) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitatie-energie | |||||||||
158W | 74 | 84 | 157,97456(54) | 1,37(17) ms | α | 154Hf | 0+ | ||
158mW | 1889(8) keV | 143(19) µs | 8+ | ||||||
159W | 74 | 85 | 158,97292(43) | 8,2(7) ms | α (82%) | 155Hf | 7/2− | ||
β+ (18%) | 159Ta | ||||||||
160W | 74 | 86 | 159,96848(22) | 90(5) ms | α (87%) | 156Hf | 0+ | ||
β+ (14%) | 160Ta | ||||||||
161W | 74 | 87 | 160,96736(21) | 409(16) ms | α (73%) | 157Hf | 7/2− | ||
β+ (23%) | 161Ta | ||||||||
162W | 74 | 88 | 161,963497(19) | 1,36(7) s | β+ (53%) | 162Ta | 0+ | ||
α (47%) | 158Hf | ||||||||
163W | 74 | 89 | 162,96252(6) | 2,8(2) s | β+ (59%) | 163Ta | 3/2− | ||
α (41%) | 159Hf | ||||||||
164W | 74 | 90 | 163,958954(13) | 6,3(2) s | β+ (97,4%) | 164Ta | 0+ | ||
α (2,6%) | 160Hf | ||||||||
165W | 74 | 91 | 164,958280(27) | 5,1(5) s | β+ (99,8%) | 165Ta | 3/2− | ||
α (0,2%) | 161Hf | ||||||||
166W | 74 | 92 | 165,955027(11) | 19,2(6) s | β+ (99,96%) | 166Ta | 0+ | ||
α (0,035%) | 162Hf | ||||||||
167W | 74 | 93 | 166,954816(21) | 19,9(5) s | β+ (> 99,9%) | 167Ta | 3/2− | ||
α (< 0,1%) | 163Hf | ||||||||
168W | 74 | 94 | 167,951808(17) | 51(2) s | β+ (99,99%) | 168Ta | 0+ | ||
α (0,0319%) | 164Hf | ||||||||
169W | 74 | 95 | 168,951779(17) | 76(6) s | β+ | 169Ta | (5/2−) | ||
170W | 74 | 96 | 169,949228(16) | 2,42(4) min | β+(99%) | 170Ta | 0+ | ||
α (1%) | 166Hf | ||||||||
171W | 74 | 97 | 170,94945(3) | 2,38(4) min | β+ | 171Ta | (5/2−) | ||
172W | 74 | 98 | 171,94729(3) | 6,6(9) min | β+ | 172Ta | 0+ | ||
173W | 74 | 99 | 172,94769(3) | 7,6(2) min | β+ | 173Ta | 5/2− | ||
174W | 74 | 100 | 173,94608(3) | 33,2(21) min | β+ | 174Ta | 0+ | ||
175W | 74 | 101 | 174,94672(3) | 35,2(6) min | β+ | 175Ta | (1/2−) | ||
176W | 74 | 102 | 175,94563(3) | 2,5(1) uur | EV | 176Ta | 0+ | ||
177W | 74 | 103 | 176,94664(3) | 132(2) min | β+ | 177Ta | 1/2− | ||
178W | 74 | 104 | 177,945876(16) | 21,6(3) dagen | EV | 178Ta | 0+ | ||
179W | 74 | 105 | 178,947070(17) | 37,05(16) min | β+ | 179Ta | 7/2− | ||
179m1W | 221,926(8) keV | 6,40(7) min | IT (99,72%) | 179W | 1/2− | ||||
β+ (0,28%) | 179Ta | ||||||||
179m2W | 1631,90(8) keV | 390(30) ns | (21/2+) | ||||||
179m3W | 3348,45(16) keV | 750(80) ns | (35/2−) | ||||||
180W | 74 | 106 | 179,946704(4) | (1,8 ± 0,2) × 1018 jaar | α | 176Hf | 0+ | 0,0012(1) | |
180m1W | 1529,04(3) keV | 5,47(9) ms | IT | 180W | 8− | ||||
180m2W | 3264,56(21) keV | 2,33(19) µs | 14− | ||||||
181W | 74 | 107 | 180,948197(5) | 121,2(2) dagen | EV | 181Ta | 9/2+ | ||
182W | 74 | 108 | 181,9482042(9) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,2650(16) | |||
183W | 74 | 109 | 182,9502230(9) | stabiel | 1/2− | 0,1431(4) | |||
183mW | 309,493(3) keV | 5,2(3) s | IT | 183W | 11/2+ | ||||
184W | 74 | 110 | 183,9509312(9) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,3064(2) | |||
185W | 74 | 111 | 184,9534193(10) | 75,1(3) dagen | β− | 185Re | 3/2− | ||
185mW | 197,43(5) keV | 1,597(4) min | IT | 185W | 11/2+ | ||||
186W | 74 | 112 | 185,9543641(19) | stabiel | 0+ | 0,2843(19) | |||
186m1W | 1517,2(6) keV | 18(1) µs | (7−) | ||||||
186m2W | 3542,8(21) keV | > 3 ms | (16+) | ||||||
187W | 74 | 113 | 186,9571605(19) | 23,72(6) uur | β− | 187Re | 3/2− | ||
188W | 74 | 114 | 187,958489(4) | 69,78(5) dagen | β− | 188Re | 0+ | ||
189W | 74 | 115 | 188,96191(21) | 11,6(3) min | β− | 189Re | (3/2−) | ||
190W | 74 | 116 | 189,96318(18) | 30,0(15) min | β− | 190Re | 0+ | ||
190mW | 2381(5) keV | < 3,1 ms | (10−) | ||||||
191W | 74 | 117 | 190,96660(21) | 20 s | 3/2− | ||||
192W | 74 | 118 | 191,96817(64) | 10 s | 0+ |
Overzicht van isotopen per element
1 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | H | 2 | Periodiek systeem | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | He | |||||||||
2 | Li | Be | De links verwijzen naar isotopen per element | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
6 | Cs | Ba | ↓ | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
7 | Fr | Ra | ↓↓ | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
Lanthaniden | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||
Actiniden | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- (en) R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (online versie van de cd-rom)
- (en) G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- (en) J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- (en) M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- (en) David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.), hoofdstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859