Chế Mân
Jaya Simhavarman III | |||||||||
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King of Champa arddharāja | |||||||||
King of Champa | |||||||||
Reign | 1288–1307 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Indravarman V | ||||||||
Successor | Jaya Simhavarman IV | ||||||||
Born | ? Champa | ||||||||
Died | 1307 Champa | ||||||||
Spouse | Bhāskaradevī Tapasi Paramecvari (Huyền Trân) | ||||||||
Issue | Jaya Sinhavarman IV Chế Năng | ||||||||
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Father | Indravarman V | ||||||||
Mother | Gaurendraksmi |
Jaya Simhavarman III (r. 1288 - 1307), Chế Mân (制旻),[1] or Prince Harijit, son of King Indravarman V[2]: 211 and Queen Gaurendraksmi, was a king of Champa during a time when the threat of the Mongols was imminent. He held the title the half-king/junior king (arddharāja) on behalf of his father.[3]
Yuan invasion of 1283–85
In 1282, Kublai Khan tried to gain passage through Champa of his ambassadors, but Chế Mân took them prisoner. Kublai Khan then asked the Trần dynasty of Đại Việt for entrance into Champa but received the same denial.[4] In early 1283, Kublai dispatched a fleet of 100 warships led by Sogetu and invaded Champa.[5] The battle hardened Yuan troops with their naval and armor superiority quickly drove the Cham out of the capital of Vijaya. Indravarman V and Crown Prince Harijit fled into the mountains, waging guerilla resistance against the enemy and refused to surrender, forcing the Mongols to suffer heat, illness, humidity, lack of supplies and desertion. Sogetu then requested Kublai for reinforcement and supplies.[6] Yuan logistics and reinforcement fleet of 20,000 troops and 200 warships under Qutuq and Ariq Qaya arrived in Champa in April 1284. Due to lack of coordination, the Yuan fleet had to catch up Sogetu's forces, whom already marched north to present-day Huế and blazed a trait of destruction on Cham port-cities along his way north.[7] By the way, Indravarman and Harijit were still rejecting Kublai's current demands and delivered excuses to the Khan, which Kublai found dishonored.[7]
Facing unexpected Cham defiance, Kublai ordered his eleventh son Prince Toghon to organize a land invasion of Champa through Dai Viet.[8] The Dai Viet king then allied with Champa. They defeated Yuan forces in June 1285 at battle of Chuong Duong.[9] The death of the top Mongol leader, Sagatou, was the beginning of the end of the Mongol invasion of Champa and Annam.[10]: 82–87
Marriage with Huyen Tran
The mutual struggle against the Mongols brought Đại Việt and Champa closer together. Thus, the Đại Việt emperor Trần Nhân Tông married off his daughter, Huyen Tran, to Chế Mân in exchange for the provinces of Chau O (Cham:Vuyar) and Chau Ly (Cham:Ulik). His other "first rank wife", or "first queen", was Princess Bhaskaradevi, though he also married a princess from Java, Queen Tapasi.[10]: 86–87, 205 [11]
However, Chế Mân died soon after and the Princess Huyen Tran refusal to die with her husband was considered a national disgrace to Champa. In response to this, Chế Mân's son, Che Chi, set out to recapture two districts ceded by Champa to Đại Việt. He was defeated, however, and died a prisoner in Đại Việt.[12]
Temples
When Simhavarman was still a prince/junior-king, he authorized the construction of a temple dedicating for the Lady of Kauṭhāra at Po Nagar temple, Nha Trang in 1277.[3]
During his proper reign, Simhavarman donated several structures and pavilions to Po Klaung Garai at Phan Rang.[13] He also initiated the construction of Yang Prong, another religious temple located in Ea Súp district, Đắk Lắk province, Central Highlands.[14][15]
References
- ^ Griffiths & Lepoutre 2016, p. 204.
- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ a b Schweyer, Anne-Valérie (2005). "Po Nagar de Nha Trang, seconde partie : Le dossier épigraphique". Aséanie. 15: 87–120. doi:10.3406/asean.2005.1847.
- ^ Griffiths & Lepoutre 2016, p. 205.
- ^ Lo 2012, p. 287.
- ^ Lo 2012, p. 288.
- ^ a b Lo 2012, p. 289.
- ^ Lo 2012, p. 290.
- ^ Lo 2012, p. 294.
- ^ a b Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
- ^ Griffiths & Lepoutre 2016, p. 206.
- ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313296222. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Griffiths & Lepoutre 2016, pp. 254–256.
- ^ Griffiths & Lepoutre 2016, p. 198.
- ^ Griffiths & Lepoutre 2016, pp. 257–258.
Bibliography
- Griffiths, Arlo; Lepoutre, Amandine (2016). "Études du corpus des inscriptions du Campā, VIII". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 102: 195–296. doi:10.3406/befeo.2016.6235 – via HAL.
- Lo, Jung-pang (2012). Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.). China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 287.
Preceded by Indravarman V 1265–1288 | King of Champa 1288–1307 | Succeeded by Jaya Sinhavarman IV 1307–1312 |
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Lâm Ấp
192-605
Xitu
- Khu Liên
- Phạm Hùng
- Phạm Dật
- Phạm Văn
- Phạm Phật
- Bhadravarman I (Phạm Hồ Đạt)
- Gangaraja (Phạm Địch Chớn)
- Manorathavarman
- Gangarajavarman II (Phạm Địch Văn)
- Phạm Dương Mại I
- Phạm Dương Mại II
- Phạm Thần Thành
- Phạm Đang Căng Thuần
- Phạm Chư Nông
- Phạm Văn Tẩn
- Devavarman (Phạm Thiên Khởi)
- Vijayavarman
- Rudravarman I
Chiêm Thành
875–1471
- Jaya Sambhuvarman
- Kandarpadharma (Fan Touli)
- Prabhasadharma (Fan Zhenlong)
- Bhadresvaravarman
- Daughter of Kandarpadharma (female)
- Vikrantavarman I
- Naravahanavarman
- Vikrantavarman II
- Rudravarman II
- Prithindravarman
- Satyavarman
- Indravarman I
- Harivarman I
- Vikrantavarman III
- Indravarman II
- Jaya Simhavarman I
- Saktivarman
- Bhadravarman II
- Indravarman III
- Jaya Indravarman I
- Paramesvaravarman I
- Indravarman IV
- Lieou Ki-Tsong (Lưu Kế Tông)
- Harivarman II
- Yang Bo Zhan
- Sri Vijayavarman (Yang Pu Ku Vijaya)
- Harivarman III
- Paramesvaravarman II
- Vikrantavarman IV
- Jaya Sinhavarman II
- Jaya Paramesvaravarman I
- Bhadravarman III
- Rudravarman III
- Harivarman IV
- Jaya Indravarman II
- Paramabhodhisatva
- Harivarman V
- Jaya Indravarman III
- Rudravarman IV
- Jaya Harivarman I
- Jaya Harivarman II
- Jaya Indravarman IV
- Suryajayavarmadeva (Khmer vassal)
- Suryavarmadeva (Khmer vassal)
- Jaya Indravarman V (Khmer vassal)
- Khmer occupation
- Jaya Paramesvaravarman II
- Jaya Indravarman VI
- Indravarman V
- Jaya Sinhavarman III (Chế Mân)
- Jaya Sinhavarman IV (Chế Chí)
- Chế Năng
- Jaya Ananda (Chế A Nan)
- Maha Sawa (Trà Hòa Bố Để)
- Po Binasuor (Chế Bồng Nga)
- Jaya Simhavarman V (La Ngai)
- Indravarman VI (Ba Đích Lại)
- Virabhadravarman
- Maha Kali (Ma Kha Quý Lai)
- Maha Vijaya (Ma Kha Bí Cai)
- Maha Kaya (Ma Kha Quý Do)
- Maha Saya (Bàn La Trà Duyệt)
- Maha Sajan (Bàn La Trà Toàn)
- Maha Sajai (Bàn La Trà Toại)
Principality of Thuận Thành
1471–1835
- Bố Trì Trì
- Zhai Ya Ma Wu An
- Gu Lai
- Sha Gu Bu Luo
- Sha Ri Di Zhai
- Po Kabih
- Po Karut Drak
- Po Maha Sarak
- Po Kunarai
- Po At
- Po Klaong Halau
- Po Nit
- Po Jai Paran
- Po Aih Khang
- Po Klaong Mah Nai
- Po Rome
- Po Nraup (Bà Tấm)
- Po Saktiraydapaghoh
- Po Jatamah
- Po Saut (Bà Tranh)
- Vietnamese occupation
- Po Saktiraydapatih (Kế Bà Tử)
- Po Ganuhpatih
- Po Thuntiraidaputih
- Po Rattiraydaputao
- Po Tisundimahrai
- Po Tisuntiraydapaghoh
- Po Tisuntiraidapuran (Nguyễn Văn Tá)
- Po Thong Khang
- Po Krei Brei (Nguyễn Văn Chiêu)
- Po Ladhuanpuguh (Nguyễn Văn Hào)
- Po Saong Nyung Ceng (Nguyễn Văn Chấn)
- Po Bait Lan
- Po Klan Thu (Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh)
- Po Phaok The (Nguyễn Văn Thừa)
- Po War Palei (La Bôn Vương)
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